Taylee B McCoy Ch. 7

What is the axial skeleton? The portion of the skeleton that consists of the spine and thorax.
 
What is the appendicular skeleton? The remainder of the skeleton, including the skull, pelvis, arms and legs.

What is the dens or odontoid process? A projection from the anterior segment of the second cervical vertebra that inserts into the atlas. This connection between the two vertebrae allows for the skull to tilt, rotate, and pivot.
 
Which vertebrae create the pivot point around which the skull can be tilted and rotated? C1 (the atlas) and C2.
 
What is the spinous process, where are they located, and what is their function? A small projection form the posterior of all vertebra--except the atlas-- that serves as an attachment point for muscles of the back.

Describe the size and angle of the spinous processes. Lumbar region=robust and stubby, extending nearly at a right angle to the spine. Thoracic=longer, and extend obliquely downward from the spine. C7=particularly large and is easily seen and felt in most people.
 
What are the bones of the pelvis? Illium, pubis and ischium.
 
How is McCoy’s description of the connection of the ribs to the sternum different than Malde’s? I'm not entirely positive on this one, but I think that McCoy describes a lot of movement, while Malde is more on the line of less movement.
 
Describe the parts of the sternum. Two bony plates make up the sternum. They are called the manubrium and the corpus.
 
Describe the pleural sacs and their function. A water permeable (serous membrane) that causes the thorax and lungs to adhere to each other with a flexible connection that has much more in common with a wet plastic bad adhering to a window than a double-sided adhesive tape.
What is Boyle’s Law? Pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Expansion air to flow into the lungs; expansion is never the of air entering the lungs.
Describe the lungs. Porous, spongy material. The right lung has three loves; the left lung must compete for space with the heart and therefore is smaller with only two lobes.
Describe the bronchial tree. Trachea, two separate bronchial tubes, these further divide into lobar bronchi, which insert into the individual lobes of each lung. Once inside the lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller and smaller segments, eventually arriving at the alveoli.
Describe the aveolar sacs and their function. Where the exchange of gases occur. They are highly compressible and ae responsible for much of the elasticity of lung tissue. About 300 million per lung.
Describe the central tendon of the diaphragm. A strong, fiberous portion fot he muscle that is shaped somewhat like a boomerang.
How does the range of motion of the diaphragm vary between quiet breathing and deep breathing? Quiet=1.5 centimeters. Deep=6-7 centimeters.
How much air is drawn into the lungs in a deep breath? 2.5 liters of air.
 
What are the four principal methods of breath management? Clavicular, thoracic, abdominal, and a balanced breath/appoggio.
 
According to McKinney (quoted here), what is the difference between breath support and breath control? Breath support: the dynamic relationship between the muscles of inspiration and expiration that are used to control pressure in the air supplied to the larynx, therefore a pulmonary function. Breath control: a laryngeal funciont. The two vocal folds serve as a valve that regulates airflow through the larynx.

What are the problems with clavicular breathing for singing? The ability to control air pressure during exhalation is limited.