Emily C., McCoy, Ch. 7

Emily C., McCoy, Ch. 7

• What is the axial skeleton? 
•  The part of the skeleton that is made up of the spine and thorax/ribcage. 
• What is the appendicular skeleton? 
•  The rest of the skeleton: skull, pelvis, arms, legs. 
• What is the dens or odontoid process? 
•  They’re projections from the anterior segments of the axis that inserts into the atlas. They provide a pivot for the skull. 
• Which vertebrae create the pivot point around which the skull can be tilted and rotated? 
•  The atlas (C1) and the axis (C2). 
• What is the spinous process, where are they located, and what is their function? 
•  They are small projections from each vertebra except the atlas that serve as an attachment point for muscles of the back. 
• Describe the size and angle of the spinous processes. 
•  In the lumbar region: robust and stubby at a near right angle to the spine. 
• Thoracic region: longer and extend obliquely down from the spine. 
• In C7, it’s large and can easily be seen/felt. 
• What are the bones of the pelvis? 
• Ilium, pubis, ischium. 
• How is McCoy’s description of the connection of the ribs to the sternum different than Malde’s? 
•  Malde says that five pairs of ribs connect to the sternum while McCoy says only four do. 
• Describe the parts of the sternum. 
•  It consists of two bony plates called the manubrium and corpus. There’s a joint between these plates that fuses as we age. At the base of the corpus is the xiphoid process where some of the abdominal muscles attach. 
• Describe the pleural sacs and their function. 
•  They attach the lungs and thorax together with a water permeable membrane. They allow for dimensional changes in the thorax to transfer to the lungs. 
• What is Boyle’s Law? 
•  When a gas is contained in an enclosure, pressure and volume are inversely proportional. The greater the volume, the lesser the pressure and vice versa. Expansion air to flow into the lungs; expansion is never the of air entering the lungs. 
• Describe the lungs. 
•  They’re made of porous, spongy material. The right is composed of three separate lobes, and the left is slightly smaller because of the heart with only two lobes. 
• Describe the bronchial tree. 
•  They’re branches of the trachea that divide into the individual lobes of each lung and move the oxygen to the exchange of blood gasses. 
• Describe the aveolar sacs and their function. 
•  This is where the exchange of blood gasses occurs. They’re responsible for much of the elasticity of lung tissue as well. 
• Describe the central tendon of the diaphragm. 
•  It’s a strong fibrous portion of the diaphragmatic muscle that is shape like a boomerang, and all muscle fibers of the diaphragm originate from these points. 
• How does the range of motion of the diaphragm vary between quiet breathing and deep breathing? 
•  Quiet: 1.5 cm, Deep: 6-7 cm
• How much air is drawn into the lungs in a deep breath? 
•  Two and a half liters of air. 
•  What are the four principal methods of breath management? 
•  Clavicular, thoracic, abdominal, and balanced/appoggio breath. 
• According to McKinney (quoted here), what is the difference between breath support and breath control? 
•  Breath support: dynamic relationship between muscles of inspiration and expiration that are used to control pressure in the air supplied to the larynx. (beautiful sound). 
• Breath control: efficiency of the regulation of air. (long phrases)
• What are the problems with clavicular breathing for singing? 
•  It’s harder to control the rate of elastic recoil upon exhalation because of the muscles involved.