How many breaths does the average person take each day? 17,00-23,00
What are some properties of air? It wants to maintain equal pressure, and flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
What happens when muscles contract? Fibers of the muscle become shorter. The extent of movement away from the resting point is called excursion.
What happens when a muscle stops contracting? They will naturally release to their resting state.
What is elastic recoil? Muscles can be stretched by the work of other muscles and elastic recoil is the muscle returning from its stretched position to the state of rest.
What is dynamic equalibrium? When one muscle is contracting and its opposing muscle is relaxed.
What is muscle antagonism. Same thing as co-contraction.
How do the ribs attach to the spine? The ribs attach to the spine via the costovertebral joints.
How do the ribs attach to the sternum? Costal cartilage.
Describe the stereo-costal joints. (Did you mean sternocostal joints?) Sternocostal joints are gliding joints, permitting limited movement up and down.
Describe in further details the size and course of the ribs. Measured from spine to sternum, each of the top 10 ribs is longer than the rib above it. the ribs slope down at the sides, and the slope becomes progressively steeper with each rib.
How does the arm structure connect to the body? It connects directly to the sternum with a joint to the clavicle.
What are the primary muscles of breathing? They are the diaphragm, the various muscles that elevate the ribs, the abdominal muscles, and the muscles of the pelvic floor.
Describe the shape, location and attachments of the diaphragm. Dome shaped muscle that arches up inside the ribs, dividing the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Describe the location and function of the openings you see when looking at the diaphragm from below. An elliptical opening in the back of the central tendon is for the esophagus to pass through. There is also a round hole in the central tendon fro the passage of the vena cava.
What are the multiple effects of the contraction of the diaphragm? It pulls the central tendon downward. This exerts downward pressure on the viscera, while pushing the lower ribs up and out. It pulls down on the lungs and massages the heart (which I thought was the coolest one).
What is needed in addition to diaphragmatic contraction for a singing breath? Rib movement.
Describe the location and function of the external intercostal muscles. The outermost layer. They start at the spine and their fibers slope down and away from the upper rub to the rib below. They extend around to the fron almost to the costal cartilage.
What happens when people think that the ribs are horizontal? They try to expand them by pushing them out horizontally at the sides.
Describe the abdominal muscles (as a group). There are four abdominal muscles that enclose the viscera in three thin, strong, flexible layers on the front, back, and sides. They extend all the way down to the pubic bone on the bottom and overlap the lower ribs on the top.
What must the abdominal muscles do in order for the diaphragm to FULLY contract? They must release in all directions. The pelvic floor also must release.
Why else must the abdominal muscles release? Also allows the ribs to rise during inhalation.
Explain in detail the interaction of the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles for inhalation. As the diaphragm contracts, it pushes the viscera against the released abdominal muscles, which stretch to make room. The abdominal muscles are passive during inhalation, releasing and allowing themselves to be stretched by the action of the diaphragm and the muscles that elevate the ribs.
Why are tense abs bad for breathing but toned abs good for singing? Tense abs interfere with efficient breathing, while toned abs have more elasticity and are engaged in subtle ways to articulate accents, aspirate consonants, or sing staccato notes in a phrase.
When might one activate abs during singing? To articulate accents, aspirate consonants, or sing staccato notes in a phrase.
What is forced exhalation? Contracting the abdominal muscles after the release of the diaphragm and rib elevators.
Why is forced exhalation usually not useful for singing? The abdominals and the rib depressors must first release before the next inhalation can take place.
Describe the location and shape of pelvic floor and it's function during breathing. The pelvic floor and the hip joints define the bottom of the torso. The muscles that form the pelvic floor connect to the lower inside edges of the pelvis. They form a shallow bowl shape, roughly mirroring the dome of the diaphragm.
Summarize the activity of the breathing muscles. When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts. Above its firm anchor at the front of the lumbar spine, the dome pushes down in the viscera and out on the lower ribs. The muscles that elevate the ribs contract simultaneously, raising the ribs at the sides and bringing them closer together. The abdominal muscles and pelvic floor release to allow the full excursion of the diaphragm and ribs. These actions expand the thoracic cavity, creating a vacuum in the lungs and drawing in the breath. As soon as we breath in, the elastic recoil of the abdominals and pelvic floor exerts upward pressure on the viscera. The elastic recoil of the costal cartilage and abdominals encourages the ribs to descend. To exhale, we release the work of the diaphragm and rib elevators in response to these forces.
Describe the location and shape of the lungs. They are much higher in the body than most realize, as they extend slightly above the collarbone. They conform to the shape of the ribs, spine, heart, and diaphragm.
What is the role of the muscles of the neck for breathing? Limited and should not be consciously recruited for breathing
What is the role of the vocal tract for breathing? To provide sensory information about the air we inhale.
What is the role of the tongue for breathing? To be out of the way, i.e. no role.
What is the role of the vocal folds for breathing? They must be open.
Where are the places of constriction that can cause an audible breath? Any constriction in the vocal tract will make noise when we inhale.
Describe the location, shape, and size of the trachea. 4-5 inches long, and about the width of a uarter and branches out into bronchial tubes just above the heart. It is in front of the esophagus.
What is the trachea’s function for breathing? It does not do any work in the breathing process.
Explain the concept of gathering and lengthening of the spine as it relates to breathing. Gathering occurs all along the spine as we inhale. In the cervical region, the slight compression of the spine is due to the action of the scalenes. the scalenes connect the top 6 vertebrae of he neck to the top 2 ribs. When we inhale, these muscles contract slightly raising the ribs and bringing the vertebrae closer together. In the thoracic region, the spine compresses slightly because of the action of the muscles that elevate the ribs and bring them closer together. The ribs are connected to the thoracic vertebrae so when the ribs move closer together they bring the thoracic vertebrae closer together.
What are the problems caused by taking in too much air? We have to blow out dead air at the end of the phrase before we can inhale for the next phrase. In addition, we will waste valuable energy resisting the pressure of a large inhalation when a small inhalation may have sufficed.
Define and describe the two types of support. Stuctural support: When we stand in balance, and allow each section to deliver its weight down the framework of your skeleton, we can rely on this wonderfuly efficient bony framework to support us. The muscles are then free to move for singing. Breath support: is about how the movement of breath facilitates the sound. If you allow your abdominals and pelvic floor to release and stretch on inhalation, the elastic recoil of these muscles continually contributes to, or supports, the flow of breath on exhalation.
IF YOU allow your abdominals and pelvic floor to release and stretch on inhalation, YOUR EXHALATION WILL ENJOY CONSTANT SUPPORT FROM THE ABDOMINAL MUSCLES, THE PELVIC FLOOR AND THE COSTAL CARTILAGE
Describe how we regulate exhalation. By regulating the release of the muscles of inhalation. If we allow our ribs to descend and our diaphragm to ascend quickly, the breath flow will be fast. If we resist the descent of the ribs and the ascent of the diaphragm, the breath flow will be slow.
What does the author recommend instead of asking for more support? Whether or not the breath needs to be released more freely or if there needs to be more resistance.
What are the five common breathing errors listed in this chapter? Tanking up; Keeping your ribs out during exhalation; The diaphragm is perpendicular to the floor; The ribs are immovable; and Pushing out with the abdominals to bring about inhalation;
What is the problem with using imagery in teaching breathing? Some students take them literally and confuse themselves. Also some go against the laws of anatomy and physiology and are especially prone to produce movement that defies nature and induces injury.
Describe the connection of the ribs to the spine. Movement in ribs in breathing causes movement in thoracic spine.
Name the other muscles that move the ribs. The intercostals; the levatores costarum; the serratus posterior spuerior; the pectoralis muscles; the serratus anterior; and the scalenes.
Name the 4 muscles that form the abdominal wall. The external obliques; the internal obliques; the transversus abdominis; and the rectus abdominis.
What is the epigastrium? Upper central region of the abdomen.
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