What is the axial skeleton?
The portion of the human skeleton
that consists of the spine and thorax.
What is the appendicular skeleton? The arms legs, skull, pelvis.
What is the dens or odontoid process? The part sticking out
of the axis (second vertebrae) which attaches into the atlas.
Which vertebrae create the pivot point around which the
skull can be tilted and rotated? Atlas and axis.
What is the spinous process, where are they located, and
what is their function? Spinous process protrudes out from every vertebrae except
for the atlas and serve as an attachment point for muscles of the back.
Describe the size and angle of the spinous processes. Lumbar
processes are robust and stubby extending at a right angle to the spine.
Thoracic processes and longer and extend obliquely downward from the spine.
What are the bones of the pelvis? Ilium, pubis, ischium
How is McCoy’s description of the connection of the ribs to
the sternum different than Malde’s? Malde brings up that the first rib is
directly connected to the sternum and says that 2 through 6 have cartilaginous
joints while 7-10 share a joint. McCoy says that 1-4 have joints and 5 through
10 have a shared joint.
Describe the parts of the sternum: manubrium and corpus.
Describe the pleural sacs and their function. To cause the
ribs and lungs to stick together. If the lungs
expand then the sacs will too causing volume to increase and air
pressure to drop allowing inhalation to occur.
What is Boyle’s Law? The expansion of the lungs creates
increased volume and decresed air pressure creating a vacuum which sucks air
from the atmosphere into the lungs.
Expansion CAUSES air to flow into the lungs; expansion is
never the EFFECT of air entering the lungs.
Describe the lungs. Made of porous, spongy material the
right has three lobes and the left has two.
Describe the bronchial tree. Begins with the trachea and divides
into two bronchial tubes. These further divide into lobar bronchi which inset
into the individual lobes of each lung. These tubes get smaller and smaller
once inside the lung until they reach each alveolar sac.
Describe the aveolar sacs and their function. This is where
the exchange of gases in the blood occurs.
Describe the central tendon of the diaphragm. A strong
fibrous portion of the muscle that is shaped kind of like a boomerang. It has
opening in it for the vena cava and aorta and esophagus to run through.
How does the range of motion of the diaphragm vary between
quiet breathing and deep breathing? The diaphragm lowers about one and a half
centimeters during quiet breathing and 6 or 7 centimeters in deep breathing.
How much air is drawn into the lungs in a deep breath? Two and
a half liters
What are the four
principal methods of breath management? Clavicular, thoracic, abdominal,
balanced or appoggio.
According to McKinney (quoted here), what is the difference
between breath support and breath control? Breath support is the dynamic
relationship between the muscles of inspiration and expiration and a pulmonary
function. Breath control is a laryngeal
function in which the vocal folds act as a valve to regulate airflow.
What are the problems with clavicular breathing for singing?
Raising of the shoulders and use of extra muscles to breathe.
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