Emily C., McKinney, Ch. 8
- What is McKinney’s definition of Resonance? (First sentence of chapter)
- The process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air.
- What is the end point (the purpose) of resonation?
- To make a better sound.
- Define the 2 basic kinds of resonance.
- Sympathetic/Free: no physical contact between two bodies. Resonator functions because it receives vibrations via air and responds to them.
- Conductive/Forced: Resonator vibrates because it’s in physical contact with a vibrating body.
- Describe how conductive resonance works in singing.
- They’re good sensation guides for the singer, regardless of their effect on external sound.
- Describe how sympathetic resonance works in singing.
- The listener hears this resonance. The “soundboard” for the voice is the changeable column of air for resonance.
- What are the factors that determine the resonance characteristics of a resonator?
- Size, shape, type of opening, composition/thickness of the walls, surface, and combined resonators.
- If a resonator is larger, in general, what will happen to its resonant frequency?
- The lower the frequency it will respond to.
- Which pitches does a conical shaped resonator amplify?
- Like a megaphone, amplifies all pitches indiscriminately.
- In a cylindrical resonator, which parameter is the primary pitch determiner?
- The length of the tube.
- In what ways can the opening of a spherical resonator affect resonant pitch?
- The amount of opening it has and by whether or not that opening has a lip.
- What 3 factors relating to the walls of a resonator will affect how it functions?
- Material, thickness of its walls, and type of surface (hard/soft).
- How does the hardness/softness of the surface of a resonator affect how it functions?
- The harder the surface, the more selective the resonance. The softer it is, the more universal.
- What happens to the resonant frequency of a resonator when it is combined with another?
- It will generally lower the resonant frequency of each in different proportions according to their capacities, orifices, etc.
- What are the 7 POSSIBLE vocal resonators?
- The chest, tracheal tree, larynx, pharynx, oral city, nasal cavity, and sinuses.
- Why does McKinney consider the pharynx the most important resonator?
- It’s the first cavity of any size after passing through the larynx. Other supra glottal cavities have to accept whatever the pharynx passes on to them. It’s easily changeable, and it’s fairly large in size.
- Why does McKinney consider the oral cavity the 2nd most important resonator?
- It’s well-suited in location, size, and adjustability (in tongue, soft palate, jaw, lips) and the front and back can be altered independently.
- Vibrations in the nasal cavity are the ________________________ not the __________________________ of the sound you are producing.
- result, cause.
- What are the 3 primary resonators?
- Pharynx, mouth, and nasal cavity.
- What are the optimal conditions in the vocal resonators for classical singing?
- Laryngeal position, dimensions of the resonators, size/type of opening.
- What are the favorable conditions for creating the Singer’s Formant (Sundberg)
- Lowering the larynx, widening of laryngeal ventricle, and widening of pyriform sinuses (bottom part of vocal tract around laryngeal tube).
- Describe the 2 categories of faults related to nasal resonance.
- Those related to nasal resonance, and those related to basic harmonic spectrum of a voice; a.k.a. it’s tone color.
- What is postnasality? What is another name for it?
- When the sound seems to be formed behind the nose; a.k.a. nasal honk. The nasal cavity is couples into the resonance system with the mouth/pharynx but dominates the tonal result.
- What is forced nasality? What is another name for it?
- a.k.a. Nasal twang. Sounds tight, pinched and is centered around the nasal cavity. Often produced when nasal port is completely closed. Caused by constriction in pharynx. This is the sound most commonly heard of as “nasal,” even though “honk” is the truer form of nasality.
- What is denasality?
- When there is insufficient nasal resonance. When something prevents normal formation of nasal consonants and limits nasal resonance in other sounds.
- What are some causes of a sound that is too bright?
- Placing too much emphasis on oral resonator.
- Lack of space in pharynx from constrictor muscles/elevation of larynx.
- Tension in pharyngeal resonator walls
- Incorrect tonal models
- Exaggerated mouth opening, pulling lips back, or protruding lips too much.
- Excessive tension in lips, tongue, jaw, palatal arches.
- What are some causes of a sound that is too dark?
- Too much emphasis on pharyngeal resonator.
- Overuse of “yawning” muscles; spread throat/depressed larynx.
- Lack of oral space from lip/jaw/tongue position
- Incorrect tonal models
- Flabby surfaces of pharyngeal walls
- Tongue pulled back into pharynx.
- Darkness in sound can be from too much or too little tension.
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