What is the location and function of the intrinsic tongue
muscles? They are found in the blade of
the tongue, the portion that lies in the oral cavity. They form vowels and consonants
What is the location and function of the extrinsic tongue
muscles? They lie below, behind, and above
the blade, enabling it to be extended, retracted, elevated, depressed and
curled.
Why does movement of the tongue impact other structures of
vocal tract? Because the extrinsic
muscles have multiple attachments points from the hyoid bone up to the palate.
Name and describe the 4 tongue muscles that make up the
“muscle sandwich”. The top and bottom
layers of this sandwich are comprised of the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles, which have long
fibers running from the anterior to posterior of the dorsum. When contracted simultaneously, the
entire dorsum is shortened.
Contraction solely in the superior curls the tip of the dorsum upward;
contraction solely in the inferior curls the tip of the dorsum downward. The filling for the sandwich consists
of the horizontal and vertical muscles. They run through the medial/lateral
plane of the dorsum. Contraction
in the horizontal narrow the blade and also curling the sides upward. Contracting the vertical flattens the
tongue.
Name and describe the extrinsic tongue muscles.
palatoglossus – originates
in the soft palate and runs within the walls of the pharynx to insert into the
underside of the tongue. It can
raise the posterior of the tongue and/or lower the soft palate
styloglossus – begins
at the styloid process and inserts into the posterior of the tongue. Contraction retracts and elevates the
back of the tongue and assists with curling the central portion.
Hyoglossus – Links
tongue and hyoid bone, tongue depression.
genioglossus – pulls
the tongue forward, it fills the interior arch of the mandible, inserts into
the underside of the dorsum.
What is the biological function of the pharynx and palate?
1. Forming an airway,
allowing the transport of oxygen to the lungs.
2. Serve as an
entrance to the alimentary canal, passing sustenance to the digestive system.
Describe the alveolar ridge. A bony prominence that leads to the hard palate, important for
consonant formation.
What are the faucial pillars? arches near the back of the tongue on either side of it.
What is another name for your soft palate? velum
What is the purpose of your uvula? transporting excess mucus to the digestive system.
Describe the muscles of the pharynx. There
are three: the inferior, middle, and superior pharyngeal constrictors. They are mostly for assisting in
getting food down the esophagus, but release of them creates open throat
singing. Also, there is the
palatoglossus, which connects the tongue to the palate via the pharynx; it
raises the tongue, narrows the pharynx, and lowers the palate. Palatopharyngeus is another one;
originates in the soft palate and courses downward through the pharynx to insert
in the thyroid cartilage; it lowers the soft palate, tenses and narrows the pharynx,
and elevates the larynx. The
stylopharyngeal muscle is also a thing; runs downward between the middle and
superior pharyngeal constrictors. The only muscle capable of opening the
pharynx, but it also elevates the larynx… Last muscle: salpingopharyngeus, forms a narrow band running from the
auditory tube downward to merge with the palatopharyngeus.
Describe the muscles of the soft palate.
levator palatini –
forms the bulk of the palate, originates
from the temporal bone and the auditory tube to forma sling like structure drawing the palate upward and backward
at an oblique angle to close agains the pharynx
musculus uvulae –
retracts the uvula upward into the soft palate
tensor palatini –
palate is tensed and flattened.
How do we lower the soft palate? Either passively or actively.
Passively by the levator and the tensor muscles relaxing, or actively
Describe the jaw.
What is its anatomical name? The
mandible is a single unpaired bone that resembles a V when viewed from
above.
How does the strength of the muscles that close the jaw
compare with the muscles of those that open the jaw? The muscles that raise the jaw are really strong, but the ones that
lower the jaw are very weak.
Describe the primary muscles responsible for jaw elevation
(closing)?
masseter – powerful
muscle originates in z
internal pterygoid
temporalis
What is the advantage besides size that the jaw closing
muscles have over the jaw opening muscles?
- the closing muscles are attached to the skull, which is very stable. The jaw opening muscles are smaller and
not used much, and attached to the hyoid bone.
- if you use the jaw opening muscles without stabilizing the hyoid
bone, the larynx will be pulled up while opening the jaw.
How does opening the mouth for everyday life differ from
opening the mouth for singing?
Describe the muscles that can be used to actively open the
jaw.
Digastric – has two
bellies, as you know.
mylohyoid – thinnest and
least significant jaw opener; fan shaped muscle from inside of mandible to
hyoid bone.
geniohyoid - thin band of muscle connecting the
mandible and hyoid.
Why is muscular antagonism such a bad problem in jaw
movement for singing?
If resistive tension
is present in the jaw closers, the openers, which are dual function muscles,
will induce their secondary action: laryngeal elevation.
What is the solution to this problem?
Minimize all jaw
tension during phonation.
Describe the final two jaw-depressing muscles that do not
have a connection to the hyoid.
platysma – a wide,
thin muscle of the face that is primarily responsible for producing a grimace
external pterygoid –
originating at the pterygoid plate, this muscle travels laterally to insert
into the top of the ramus. Induces
a small dropping of the jaw.
What is sublaxation of the jaw? Opening you jaw so
far that you move it out of the TMJ.
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