What is McKinney’s definition of Resonance? (First sentence of chapter) the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air.
What is the end point (the purpose) of resonation? To make a better sound.
Define the 2 basic kinds of resonance. Sympathetic: no physical contact between the two bodies. Conductive: the resonator starts vibrating because it is in physical contact with a vibrating body.
Describe how conductive resonance works in singing. The vibrations created by the vocal folds travel along the bones, cartilages, and muscles of the neck, head, and upper chest causing them to vibrate. Good sensation guides for singers, as this has little effect on the external sound.
Describe how sympathetic resonance works in singing. Vibrations created by the vocal chords travel through air from the larynx into the cavities of the throat and head, setting them into vibration.
What are the factors that determine the resonance characteristics of a resonator? Size, shape, type of opening, composition and thickness of the walls, surface, and combined resonators.
If a resonator is larger, in general, what will happen to its resonant frequency? It must be lower for it to respond.
Which pitches does a conical shaped resonator amplify? All pitches.
In a cylindrical resonator, which parameter is the primary pitch determiner? The length of the tube.
In what ways can the opening of a spherical resonator affect resonant pitch? The amount of opening and whether or not it has a lip. Small opening will cause low pitch, as well as longer lip.
What 3 factors relating to the walls of a resonator will affect how it functions? What material it is made of, the thickness of the walls, and the type of surface it has.
How does the hardness/softness of the surface of a resonator affect how it functions? The harder the surface, the more selective it will be.
What happens to the resonant frequency of a resonator when it is combined with another? In general it may be said that the effect will lower the resonant frequency of each in different proportions according to their capacities, their orifices, and so forth.
What are the 7 POSSIBLE vocal resonators? The chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses.
Why does McKinney consider the pharynx the most important resonator? By virtue of its position, size, and degree of adjustablity. It is the first cavity of any size through which the product of the laryngeal vibrator passes; the other supraglottal cavities have to accept whatever the pharynx passes on to them.
Why does McKinney consider the oral cavity the 2nd? It is well suited by location, size, and adjustablity to serve as an effective vocal resonator. Its dimensions are altered by movements of the tongue, soft palate, jaw, and lips, and the shape and size of both its front and back orifices are capable of alteration.
Vibrations in the nasal cavity are the result not the cause of the sound you are producing.
What are the 3 primary resonators? Pharynx, mouth, and nasal cavity.
What are the optimal conditions in the vocal resonators for classical singing?????? Laryngeal position, dimensions of the resonators in use, and size and/or type of opening.
What are the favorable conditions for creating the Singer’s Formant (Sundberg) 1. Low larynx, 2. Widening of the laryngeal ventricle, and 3. Widening of the pyriform sinuses.
Describe the 2 categories of faults related to nasal resonance. Hypernasality: excessive nasal resonance. Hyponasality: insufficient nasal resonance.
What is postnasality? What is another name for it? The sound seems to be formed behind the nose. Also called Nasal Honk.
What is forced nasality? What is another name for it? It is characterized by a tight, pinched sound which seems to be centered in the nasal cavity. Also called Nasal Twang.
What is denasality? It occurs when some physical condition or organic factor prevents the normal formation of the nasal consonants and limits nasal resonance in other sounds. The sound you get with a bad head cold.
What are some causes of a sound that is too bright? Too much emphasis on the oral resonator caused by: 1. lack of space in the pharynx due to the action of the constrictor muscles and/or elevation of the larynx; 2. tension in the walls of the pharyngeal resonator making it too selective; 3. wrong tonal models; 4. exaggerated mouth opening, pulling the lips back in a forced smile, or protruding the lips too much; 5. excessive tension in the muscles of the lips, tongue, jaw, or palatal arches.
What are some causes of a sound that is too dark? Too much emphasis on the pharyngeal resonator caused by: 1. overuse of the "yawning" muscles, with resulting spread throat and/or depressed larynx; 2. lack of oral space due to lip, jaw, or tongue position; 3. wrong tonal models; 4. flabby surfaces of pharyngeal walls (not enough muscle tonus to give any character to the sound); 5. tongue pulled back into the pharynx.
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