Sam Meredith McCoy Ch. 11

What is the location and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles? they are located in the blade of the tongue, which lies within the oral cavity--these muscles move to form the vowels and consonants of speech

What is the location and function of the extrinsic tongue muscles? The extrinsic muscles lay below and behind the blade and allow the tongue to be extended retracted, elevated, depressed, and curled.

Why does movement of the tongue impact other structures of vocal tract? Because the muscles of the tongue are attached to the jaw, hyoid bone, and pharynx

Name and describe the 4 tongue muscles that make up the “muscle sandwich”. superior and inferior logitudinal muscles which have long fibers running from the anterior to the posterior of the dorsum, the horizontal muscle that runs through the medial/lateral plan of the dorsum, and the vertical muscle that runs from top to bottom

Name and describe the extrinsic tongue muscles. 1) palatoglossus--originates in the soft palate and runs within the walls of the pharynx to insert into the underside of the tongue; raises posterior of tongue and lowers the soft palate 2) styloglossus--begins at the styloid process and inserts into the posterior of the tongue; retracts and elevates the back of the tongue 3) hyoglossus--links the tongue with the hyoid bone; depresses the tongue 4) genioglossus--fills interior arch of mandible and inserts into the underside of the dorsum; pulls tongue forward

What is the biological function of the pharynx and palate? they form an airway and serve as the entrance to alimentary canal

Describe the alveolar ridge. a bony prominence that leads to the hard palate that plays a key role in the articulation of certain consonants

What are the faucial pillars? they are found near the back of the tongue resembling the vertical sections of a proscenium arch. the top of this arch forms the soft palate

What is another name for your soft palate? the velum

What is the purpose of your uvula? it helps transport excess mucus from the nasopharynx into the digestive tract

Describe the muscles of the pharynx palatoglossus--narrows the pharynx; palatopharyngeus--originates in the soft palate and courses downward through the pharynx to insert in the thyroid cartilage, tenses and narrows the pharynx; stylopharyngeal--originates from styloid process and runs downward between the superior and middle constrictors and merges with the palatopharyngeus and connects to the thyroid, opens the throat, but also raises larynx; salpingopharyngeus--forms a narrow band running from the auditory tube downward to merge with the palatopharyngeus, elevates the lateral walls to narrow the pharynx

Describe the muscles of the soft palate. levator palati--originates from the temporal bone and the auditory tube, draws palate up and back; musculus uvulae--retracts the uvula upward into the soft palate; tensor palati--connects palate to the skull and auditory tubes, tenses and flattens the palate

How do we lower the soft palate? passively--through the release of muscles--or actively through the contraction of the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus 

Describe the jaw.  What is its anatomical name? the mandible. It is a single unpaired bone that resembles the letter 'u' or 'v' from above; there is an upward projection called the ramus on the posterior of each side and there are two processes located at the top of each ramus: the coronid and the condyle

How does the strength of the muscles that close the jaw compare with the muscles of those that open the jaw? they are much stronger

Describe the primary muscles responsible for jaw elevation (closing)? the masseter--originates in the zygomatic region and inserts over most of the ramus; the internal pterygoid--originates at the pterygoid plate and inserts into the inside of the jaw at the base of the ramus, forms a sling-like structure with the masseter that closes and retracts the jaw including a grinding motion for mastication; temporalis--large fan-shaped muscle that covers most of the side of the head above the ear inserting into the anterior of the ramus near the coronid process

What is the advantage besides size that the jaw closing muscles have over the jaw opening muscles? through their connection to the skull

How does opening the mouth for everyday life differ from opening the mouth for singing? it has to be dropped faster and further

Describe the muscles that can be used to actively open the jaw. digrastric--has two bellies: one that runs from the mastoid process to the hyoid bone and elevates the larynx when swallowing and another that continues from the hyoid bone inserting into the mandible near the point of the chin and contracts to depress the jaw; mylohyoid--fan-shaped muscle originating along the inside of the mandible and inserting into the hyoid bone; geniohyoid--thin band of muscle that connects mandible and hyoid

Why is muscular antagonism such a bad problem in jaw movement for singing? if resistive tension is present in the jaw closers, the openers--which are dual-function muscles--will induce their secondary action, laryngeal elevation

What is the solution to this problem? to minimize tension in all jaw muscles during phonation

Describe the final two jaw-depressing muscles that do not have a connection to the hyoid. platysma--wide, thin muscle in the face that is primarily responsible for producing of a grimace; lateral pterygoid--originates at the pterygoid plate and travels laterally to insert into the top of the rams

What is sublaxation of the jaw? dropping the jaw so far that it comes out of its normal socket