What is the total at rest length of the vocal folds for women? 18mm For men? 23mm
What is the average length of the vibrating portion of the vocal folds? 12-15mm
Why do we call them vocal folds instead of vocal cords? Folds of tissue, not strings of tissue.
****What are the vocal folds?
What do the vocal folds look like when viewed from above? A "v" with a point at the front.
What is the thin layer of skin cells on the VFs called? Stratified squamous epithilium. What do these 3 terms mean? Epithilum means skin, squamous means interlocking, and stratified means gradually getting bigger.
This area has another name. Mucosa. What is it and why is it called this?
What is unique about this layer of skin (covering the VFs) as opposed to the rest of the epithelium of the vocal tract? The rest of the cells are in columns as opposed to the lego like of the VF. Also the cilia are present everywhere else.
What makes up the body of the vocal folds? Thyroarytenoid.
What is the transitional layer called? Lamina Proprea. Describe it. Transition from skin to body. Three layers: superficial, intermediate, deep. Vocal ligament is in the Intermediate. Become more viscus.
How is the structure of the vocal folds like both the back and the palm of your hand? The front/palm because it's squishy and padded. Back because the skin is free to move around.
Describe the steps of a single cycle of vibration according to the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Model. VFs are gently closed, the air builds up underneath, bottom seperates, then top sep., bottom is brought back due to elastic recoil and bournulli effecct.
What is vertical phase difference? All parts of the vocal folds aren't in contact at all times. Why is this important to vocal sound? It enables the vocal folds to come together enough times to produce pitch.
Are aerodynamic factors sufficient to maintain vocal fold oscillation? No, but they are sufficient to initiate it.
Describe the steps of VF oscillation according to the one-mass model. Same as Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Model, but add inertia and asymmetry.
Describe the improvements in understanding VF oscillation because of the 3-mass model. Cover, transition, and body, they all vibrate at different rates, some not even involved at certain pitches.
What is the neurochronaxic theory? Nerve impulses from the brain tell the vocal folds to move. Is it valid? It doesn't take all things into account (Bournulli effect.)
Name the 5 cartilages that form the basic laryngeal framework. Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis, arytenoids, trachea.
Name and describe the membranes and ligaments found within the larynx. Conus Elasticus: located beneath the glottis, strengthens the undersides of the vocal folds. Thyrohyoid and the cricohyoid- they seal the area and prevent excess movement.
Describe the aryepiglottic fold. What is its alternate name? What is its function? Also called the laryngeal collar or the epilarynx. When it contracts it brings the epiglottis down to help prevent aspiration. Involved as being the probably source of the singer's formant.
What is the purpose of the vocal ligament? Adds strength to the medial edges of the vocal fold and to limit the extent to which they can be stretched.
What is the function of the aryepiglottic and the thyroepiglottic muscles for singing? Tilt epiglottis slightly backward, while also narrowing the erieppiglotic fold which helps with the singer's formant.
What is phonation threshold pressure (PTP)? Amount of air pressure required to initiate phonation and oscillation.
What are the 3 principle types of vocal onset? Describe how they differ in terms of the sequence of adduction and airflow. Aspirate, glottal, and balanced.
What is flow phonation? The perfect union of airflow and adductory tension.
What happens if we increase breath pressure with constant adductory tension? Potential for more aspirate sound, increased pitch, and amplitude.
What happens is you increase glottal resistance at the same time as you increase breath pressure? Louder sound.
As amplitude increases, how does this affect the glottis? What happens to help this situation? More glottal resistance in order to maintain a healthy phonation.
How do we increase vocal fold thickness, and what affect does this have on the sound? Contraction of the TA, increase in amplitude.
What is the typical dynamic range for dramatic voices? What was maximum amplitude for these singers? 60-64 dB. Maximum is 120 dB.
How does the dynamic range and maximum amplitude of lighter voiced singers compare? They will have they same dynamic range, but lower amplitude, ultimately never as loud as the dramatic voices.
How do pitch and amplitude relate to each other? As pitch rose, so did amplitude.
How is the time that the glottis remains open impacted by adduction and pressure changes? As adduction and pressure increase, the glottis will be closed more often.
What is the estimated times of the various phases in a quiet tone vs a louder tone? quiet=50% opening, 37% closing, 13% closed. loud=33% opening, 37% closing, 30% closed.
What is the open quotient? It means the time that the glottis is open
How does the open quotient relate to amplitude? The lower the O.Q. the louder the sound.
Why is it wrong to just blow harder to get louder? The laryngeal tension must be in proportion to the breath pressure, otherwise you go sharp/have an aspirtate sound.
In very general terms, what must the vocal folds do to change pitch? VFs must be elongated for pitch to ascend and shortened for pitch to descend.
How does the body/cover model affect pitch change? When the pitch is lower, the whole unite if vibrating, versus a higher pitch when only the cover mostly oscillates.
How do pitch and intensity overlap in terms of vocal fold function? The CT and the TA are symultaniously contracting creating a longer and thicker VF.
How do the CT and TA work together to control pitch and amplitude?
Describe how variations in air pressure have different impacts on low vs. high frequencies. Increasing the pressure beneath the glottis increases pitch.
Describe the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles connection to the larynx. Describe its function. Inferior, Middle, and Superior
What is ossification? The gradual transformation form cartilage to bone.
What is the downside of the flexibility of the thyroid cartilage in young people. Vocal instability, and predictability.
Describe the actions of swallowing. Soft palate is lifted, tongue elevates, walls of pharynx constrics, the larynx rises sharply.
Describe the pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
What doeg ola aperta mean?
How do we open the throat? Can't no muscles that actually do this.
What are the two ways in which laryngeal elevation can occur? Lifted directly due to muscles attatched to the larynx, indirectly due to connection to hyoid bone
Which structures is the hyoid connected to? Larynx, tongue and jaw.
Besides the inferior pharyngeal constrictor, what is the other true laryngeal elevator? Describe its function. Thyrohoid muscle.
Which muscles are indirect laryngeal elevators? Digastric, Stylohiod, mylohyoid, thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, geniohyoid, styloglossus, genioglossus.
If the muscles that close the jaw (masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid) fail to release when the jaw is opened, what is the effect of the contraction of the anterior belly of the digastric? Muscle antagonism due to the excess work of the anterior belly.
Which muscles can both depress the jaw and raise the larynx? The digastric.
Which muscles are laryngeal depressors? Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid.
What is the ideal laryngeal position for classical singing? Slightly below resting position, but not forced there.
How does the vertical position of the larynx change as we age? Be specific. Starts higher (at birth at C3, age 5=c5, puberty=c7) and can have additional lowering.
What is tracheal pull (tug)? The inadvertant relationship of the diaphagm to the larynx.
Which nerves serve the larynx? The recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve, which are both branches of the vagus nerve.
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