What is the average length of the vibrating portion of the vocal folds? 12-15 millimeters
Why do we call them vocal folds instead of vocal cords? vocal folds are aptly named, because they are actually folds of tissue, rather than cords, indicating stringy, banded things
What are the vocal folds? folds of tissue at the top of the airway, to protect the airway and for phonation
What do the vocal folds look like when viewed from above? two pearly white bands that form the letter V
What is the thin layer of skin cells on the VFs called? What do these 3 terms mean?stratified (layered with the bigger cells on bottom) squamous (interlocking like paving stones) epithelium (layers of skin cells)
This area has another name. What is it and why is it called this? the mucosa--because the whole area is covered in mucus
What is unique about this layer of skin (covering the VFs) as opposed to the rest of the epithelium of the vocal tract? the epithelium below the VFs are ciliated, covered in microscopic hairs
What makes up the body of the vocal folds? the thyroarytenoid muscle
What is the transitional layer called? Describe it. the lamina propria, which is made up of three layers: superficial lamina propria, which is thinnest and lowest viscosity; intermediate lamina propria, which is wider and more viscous, and contains the vocal ligament; and the deep lamina propria, which is the thickest, densest, and most viscous.
How is the structure of the vocal folds like both the back and the palm of your hand? the cover of the VFs slips over the body of the VF like the skin on the back of the hand, and the lamina propria cushions the VFs like the palm of the hand
Describe the steps of a single cycle of vibration according to the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Model. 1-VFs gently closed by muscle, 2-air pressure increases below glottis, 3-air pressure begins to open glottis from the bottom, 4-glottis continues to open, bottom to top, 5-air flow escapes through glottis, increasing velocity and decreasing pressure, 6-VF elasticity acts as spring to help close glottis, negative air pressure helps close glottis too, 7-glottis closes, bottom to top, 8-process begins again
What is vertical phase difference? Why is this important to vocal sound? the lower edge of the VF precedes the upper edge in opening and closing--this helps in the creation of a mucosal wave
Are aerodynamic factors sufficient to maintain vocal fold oscillation? no--natural oscillation frequencies of VF tissue, resistance to movement of air through supraglottal vocal tract, and interaction of resonance with VFs all add to aerodynamic factors for maintenance of VF oscillation
Describe the steps of VF oscillation according to the one-mass model. 1-glottis closed by muscle, 2-subglottal air pressure increases to overcome resistance and opens glottis, 3-reduced air pressure and elasticity of VFs bring glottis back together, reducing air flow, 4-an area of low pressure above the glottis is created, 5-the elastic recoil, pressure drop through and above glottis closes glottis, 6-asymmetry of air pressure continues VF oscillation
Describe the improvements in understanding VF oscillation because of the 3-mass model.the addition of the nature of the vocal tract's impact on airflow, and inertia, improved the myoelastic-aerodynamic model
What is the neurochronaxic theory? If it valid? the VFs vibrate solely as a result of nerve impulses from the brain and that airflow is only responsible for conveying sound--this isn't a valid theory
Name the 5 cartilages that form the basic laryngeal framework. thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids (2), epiglottis
Name and describe the membranes and ligaments found within the larynx. thyrohyoid membrane--links thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, cricothyroid ligament and membrane--links cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage, conus elasticus--strengthens underside of VFs and seals them to airway
Describe the aryepiglottic fold. What is its alternate name? What is its function? made of muscle and tissue that encapsulates epiglottis and arytenoids, epilarynx, helps to pull epiglottis down to cover airway
What is the purpose of the vocal ligament? to add strength to the medial edges of the VFs and limit stretching
What is the function of the aryepiglottic and the thyroepiglottic muscles for singing? none--just for swallowing
What is phonation threshold pressure (PTP)? pressure required to overcome resistance of glottal adduction and initiate vocal fold oscillation
What are the 3 principle types of vocal onset? Describe how they differ in terms of the sequence of adduction and airflow. glottal--strong VF adduction preceding breath energy, aspirate--breath flow then VF adduction, balanced--VF adduction and breath flow happening simultaneously
What is flow phonation? balanced airflow and VF adduction
What happens if we increase breath pressure with constant adductory tension? sound and pitch increase, and may get breathy
What happens is you increase glottal resistance at the same time as you increase breath pressure? VFs oscillate at higher amplitude and close more quickly
As amplitude increases, how does this affect the glottis? glottis must work harder to resist subglottal air pressure What happens to help this situation? the LCA, IA, and TA contract more
How do we increase vocal fold thickness, and what affect does this have on the sound?when TA and CT muscles contract it thickens the VFs and makes sound louder
What is the typical dynamic range for dramatic voices? What was maximum amplitude for these singers? 60-64dB, 120dB
How does the dynamic range and maximum amplitude of lighter voiced singers compare?similar range, but with lower max. amplitude
How do pitch and amplitude relate to each other? doubling fundamental frequency increases 6dB
How is the time that the glottis remains open impacted by adduction and pressure changes? as adduction and pressure increase, time glottis is open is shorter
What is the estimated times of the various phases in q quiet tone vs a louder tone? 50% open, 37% closing, 13% closed in quiet phonation; 33% open, 37% closing, and 30% closed in louder phonation
What is the open quotient? time glottis is open in each cycle
How does the open quotient relate to amplitude? amplitude increases as open quotient falls from 1.0 to 0
Why is it wrong to just blow harder to get louder? you'll likely sing sharp, and the balance between air flow and laryngeal tension is key
In very general terms, what must the vocal folds do to change pitch? longer VFs, higher pitch; shorter VFs, lower pitch
How does the body/cover model affect pitch change? the cover moves more independently in the middle range
How do pitch and intensity overlap in terms of vocal fold function? higher pitches require longer folds, but loudness requires thicker folds, so there needs to be a simultaneous lengthening and thickening of folds
How do the CT and TA work together to control pitch and amplitude? the CT pull folds to right tension for pitch, and TA gives right tension for amplitude
Describe how variations in air pressure have different impacts on low vs. high frequencies.more air pressure is required for higher frequencies
Describe the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles connection to the larynx. Describe its function. connects to thyroid cartilage, wraps around vocal tract, contracts for swallowing, narrowing pharynx and elevating larynx
What is ossification? gradual transformation of cartilage to bone
What is the downside of the flexibility of the thyroid cartilage in young people. vocal instability and unpredictability
Describe the actions of swallowing larynx ascends to help epiglottis fold over airway and to direct food into esophagus, soft palate is lifted to close off nasal port, tongue elevates and retracts, pharynx constricts
Describe the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. superior--wraps around top of vocal tract and attaches to skull and mandible to narrow pharynx, middle--attaches to hyoid and stylohyoid ligament to narrow pharynx, inferior--attaches to thyroid laminae and cricoid cartilage to constrict pharynx and lift larynx
What doe gola aperta mean? open throat feeling
How do we open the throat? by doing nothing, or relaxing the vocal tract
What are the two ways in which laryngeal elevation can occur? lifted directly through attachment to thyroid or cricoid cartilage, lifted indirectly through hyoid bone
Which structures is the hyoid connected to? larynx, tongue, jaw
Besides the inferior pharyngeal constrictor, what is the other true laryngeal elevator? Describe its function. thyrohyoid muscle, which lifts larynx to close gap between thyroid cartilage and hyoid
Which muscles are indirect laryngeal elevators? digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus
If the muscles that close the jaw (masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid) fail to release when the jaw is opened, what if the effect of the contraction of the anterior belly of the digastric? jaw is lowered, but larynx is still elevated
Which muscles can both depress the jaw and raise the larynx? anterior belly of the digastric
Which muscles are laryngeal depressors? sternothyroid
What is the ideal laryngeal position for classical singing? at the natural resting position of the larynx
How does the vertical position of the larynx change as we age? Be specific. at birth, base of cricoid at C3; at age 5, at C5; at puberty and into adulthood--C7
What is tracheal pull (tug)? the natural lowering of the larynx upon inhalation--the diaphragm descends, pulling with it the lungs, trachea, and larynx
Which nerves serve the larynx? vagus nerve
No comments:
Post a Comment