LaeKin Burgess Malde Chapter 5 part two

The muscle of the lips extends all the way up to the NOSE and all the way down to the indentation in the chin.

Describe the buccinators: include location, attachments, and function and resonance effect  form the inside of the cheeks. They connect the lips in the front. At the back they connect to the upper phayrngeal constrictor at a tendinous raphe inside the cheekbone. They pull on the lips and also the upper pharyngeal constrictor. There are two muscles that run vertically along the inside of the pharynx, the palato pharyngeus and the palato glossus muscles. When the cheek muscles engage they constrict the oral pharynx by pulling  forward on the upper pharyngeal constrictor. This in turn affects the palato glossus which can pull up on the base of the tongue and the palato pharyngeus which can pull up on the larynx. These can also pull down on the soft palate.

What is the tongue’s survival function?to move food around to be properly masticated then swallowed.

What is the function of the tongue for singing? to articulate sounds of speech.

How many intrinsic tongue muscles are there?  What is their function? four intrinsic that are responsible for the fine motor movements of articulation.

How many extrinsic tongue muscles are there?  What is their function? five move the tongue forward up back or down.

Where does the tongue have attachements? to the hyoid bone and the mandible at the back of the chin.

What is the septum of the tongue?  What is its function? fibrous portion of the tongue that extends vertically from the hyoid bone and serves as an attachment point for the intrinsic muscles.

What are ways that singers use their tongues inappropriately? recruit the tongue to do the work of other muscles.  singers push down on the larynx with back of the tongue. pull back in attempt to increase pharyngeal resonance.

What is the only healthy way to lower the larynx?  to lower by using the muscles attached from below, the sternohyoid and the omohyoid muscles. STernothyroid connects to front of thyroid and may assist in bring the whole larynx down too.

Which four muscles in the neck are the only muscles  that can play a positive role in vocal resonance? The ones listed above and the stylopharyngeus.

What is the function of the rest of the neck muscles?  expression and other things that don't relate to singing.

What are the strongest muscles that pull up on the larynx? pair of hyoglossus muscles. These muscles connect the back of the tongue to the hyoid bone.

Describe the aryepiglottic sphincter (location and function)  just above the vocal folds and is defined by the muscles surrounding the epiglottis cartilage. The muscles that narros the AES are the aryepiglttic muslce which orignate at the back of the larynx and extend along the sides of the aryepiglottic folds to the epiglottis. Helps in belting. 

What causes the Singer’s Formant?The ring of the voice happens when the opening of the larynx is much smaller than the width of the lower pharynx. There are 2 ways: widen the pharynx or make the laryngeal opening smaller. To widen the pharynx, we lower the larynx. To narrow the laryngeal opening, we close the aryepiglottic sphincter. They can also be combined.

What is vowel modification? opening the jaw slightly as pitch ascends.

How can we be singing the correct pitch and still be off in terms of intonation?  if high overtones are emphasized with resonance the pitch may sound sharp. If low overtones are emphasized the pitch may sound glat. Resonance is not consistent.