Rewrite in your own words the 5 identifying characteristics of consonants. 1.There are more or less restricted speech sounds. 2. They contain more or less conspicuous noise elements due to the degree of restriction present. 3.They are subordinate to vowels in sonority. 4. They do not form the center of syllables, but define the borders of them. 5. They function as sound interrupters or sound stoppers and thus separate the vocal tone into recognizable units which can communicate meaning.
How are consonants divided into two primary groups. Voiced and unvoiced consonants.
Describe the 3 movement categories for consonants. Continuants, stops, and glides.
Describe the 2 other systems used for classifying consonants. 1. By the way the sound is produced, and 2. by the place or articulatory position in which it is formed.
Rewrite in your own words the 5 identifying characteristics of vowels. 1. They are unrestricted speech sound. 2. They are capable of being sustained. 3. They normally are voiced sounds, but they can be whispered. 4. They are the basic building material of vocal tone; the vowel carries the tone. 5. They have a definite shape or form.
Which articulator is of primary importance in the making of vowel sounds? Why? The tongue: the normal procedure is for the tongue to move on all vowel.
Describe how vowels are grouped. Front back and central vowels; tense and lax vowels; stressed and unstressed vowels; the cardinal vowels and the Latin vowels.
What are the four levels of stress? Primary, secondary, tertiary, and weak.
What are the 5 Singer’s Vowels? [i] [e] [a] [o] [u] (the font does not allow for the correct 'a')
What is a phoneme? One of the set of speech sound in any given language taht serve to distinguish one word from another. A phonoeme may consist of several phonetically distinct articulations, which are regarded as identical by native speakers, since one articulation may be substitued for another without any change of meaning.
What is an allophone? Phonetically distinct articulations which can be substituted for each other.
Which articulators are under the direct control of the singer. Lips, lower jaw, and tongue.
Which articulators must be trained indirectly? The soft palate, the glottis, the epiglottis, and the larynx.
What are the 2 basic principles which contribute to the effective use of the articulators? 1. All movements of the articulators should be quick, precise, and positive, ending in a position which is free of unnecessary tension; 2. In singing, articulatroy movements must be exaggerated, especially with beginning students, if the words are to be consistently understood.
What does McKinney suggest imagining as a first step? Imagine that all your articulatory movements are taking place just in front of your mouth.
What are suggestions that are made for use/position of lips? Imagine that your lips are made of rubber. The position of the lips should be such that it helps your face to have a pleasant, vital expression, as if you are about to smile.
What suggestions are made for your lower (yikes) jaw? 1. The beginning of a yawn to free the jaw from tension, letting it drop down due to its own weight; and 2. saying or singing "yah, yah, yah," while opening the mouth freely with a down-and-back motion of the lower jaw.
What suggestions are made for your tongue? A resting point to return to--a point of reference.
Why is tongue considered most important articulator? Involved in all the vowels and most of the consonants.
Define/describe consonants in general. A subordinate sound which is used with a vowel to form a syllable; it does not form the nucleus of a syllable, but can define its borders. Some are voiced; some are not. the only thing consonants have in common is that to a greater or lesser degree some restriction or obstruction is placed in the path of the sound, causing more or less conspicuous noise elements.
Why does McKinney suggest firm consonants? Consonants are subordinate to vowels in sonority and do not carry as well, especially in a large auditorium. Also, firm consonants help the singer to establish and maintain good, solid tone production on the vowels.
Define vowels. Voiced, unrestricted speech sounds which are capable of being sustained and thereby of becoming the basic building material of vocal tone.
What is the function of vowels? To carry the tone.
What is the function of consonants? To break up the tone into distinct comprehensible units.
What is the problem that inexperienced singers have with vowels? The inability to establish and maintain a steady state of vowel posture.
How are the concepts of vowel purity and phonemic identity different? The advocates of vowel purity seem to imply that there is only one true or pure form of the vowel and that it never varies. Phonemic identity suggests that the vowel must be identifiable despite the inevitable changes in the mouth due to pitch and dynamic
What are the problems that occur when singers insist on singing “pure” vowels in the upper voice? They are likely to encounter vocal problems such as loss of quality, tight phonation, elevated larynx, and vocal strain.
What are the different approaches to vowel migration or vowel modification? 1. Recognize that vowels do modify in the upper voice and encourage it by allowing more space, internally and externally, while still thinking of the basic vowel sound you are trying to produce. As the pitch rises, more jaw drop is encouraged. 2. Encourage migration by thinking the vowel toward which you are modifying. 3. Since the vowels migrate toward the center, all vowels should be colored with either "ah" or "uh" in the upper voice.
What is the critical factor in all systems of vowel migration/modification? Retain enough phonemic identity for the word to be recognized.
In studying professional female singers, upon what is jaw opening dependent? The jaw opening appears to be more dependent upon the phonation frequency than on the vowel, particularly at high pitches.
No comments:
Post a Comment