Emily C., McCoy, Ch. 11

Emily C., McCoy, Ch. 11

• What is the location and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
• Found within the blade (dorsum) of the tongue, the portion in oral cavity that moves to form the vowels/consonants of speech. 
• What is the location and function of the extrinsic tongue muscles?
• They lie below, behind, and above the blade, enabling extension, retraction, elevation, depression, and curling. 
• Why does movement of the tongue impact other structures of vocal tract?
• These muscles have multiple attachment points that fills the space in the jaw, down to hyoid and up into pharynx/palate. They impact the jaw, larynx, and vocal tract. 
• Name and describe the 4 tongue muscles that make up the “muscle sandwich”.
• top and bottom layers: superior and inferior longitudinal tongue muscles (long fibers from anterior to posterior of dorsum). In simultaneous contraction, the entire dorsum shortens. 
• Just the superior results in upward curling, just inferior results in downward curling. 
• Then the horizontal and vertical tongue muscles are the “sandwich filling.” Horizontal: run through medial/lateral plane of dorsum and are responsible for curling the sides upward to form a long furrow, and vertical: from top to bottom orientation, which flattens the tongue. 
• Name and describe the extrinsic tongue muscles.
• Palatoglossus (raises posterior of tongue and/or lowers soft palate), styloglossus (Retracts/elevates back of the tongue and assists with curling the central portion), genioglossus (tongue pulled back), and hyglossus (tongue depression) position the tongue in the oral cavity. These are named for their point of origin/insertions. 
• What is the biological function of the pharynx and palate?
• They form an airway for the transportation of oxygen to the lungs, and serve as entrain to the alimentary canal, passing sustenance to the digestive system. 
• Describe the alveolar ridge.
• A bony prominence that leads to your hard palate at the roof of your mouth from your teeth backwards. 
• What are the faucial pillars?
• aka fauces, Near the back of the tongue, resembling vertical sections of a proscenium arch. At the top of this arch is the soft palate. 
• What is another name for your soft palate?
• Velum. 
• What is the purpose of your uvula?
• Helps in the transportation of mucus by collecting excess mucus in the nasopharynx and nose and then drops it into the digestive tract. 
• Describe the muscles of the pharynx.
• Superior/middle/inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles. They wrap around the posterior of the pharynx, connect to the thyroid cartilage, hyoid, stylohyoid ligament, mandible, and skull. They help with swallowing, narrowing pharynx. 
• Palatoglossus muscle: connects to tongue to palate via pharynx and raises tongue, narrows pharynx, lowers palate. 
• Palatopharyngeus: originate in solft palate, down through pharynx to thyroid cartilage. Lowers soft palate, tenses/narrows pharynx, elevates larynx. 
• Stylopharyngeal muscle: laryngeal elevation. Originate in styloid process and down between superior and middle constrictors and merges w/ palatopharyngeus and connects to thyroid cartilage. It’s the only one that can actively open pharynx, but this includes laryngeal elevation. 
• Salpingopharyngeus: narrow band from auditory tube to palatopharyngeus. Contraction elevates lateral walls to narrow pharynx and opens end of auditory tube to equalize pressure in middle ear. 
• Describe the muscles of the soft palate.
• Levator palati muscle (aka levator veli palatine) raises palate and forms bulk of the palate, originating from temporal bone/skull and auditory tube. It’s sling-like, pulling palate up and back at oblique angle to close against pharynx. 
• Musculus uvulae: retracts uvula upward into soft palate. 
• Tensor palati: palate tenses/flattens. Connects palate to skull and auditory tubes. Works with palatopharyngeus to open auditory tubes and equalize air pressure in middle ear. 
• How do we lower the soft palate?
• Passively through gravity. Palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus can contract to lower palate as well. 
• Describe the jaw.  What is its anatomical name?
• Mandible. A single, unpaired bone that resembles U or V when viewed from above. Ramus projection on either side, with anterior crooned processes. The condyles are in the back and joints the skull at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and can slide/rotate. The meniscus cartilage protects between the condyle and skull. 
• How does the strength of the muscles that close the jaw compare with the muscles of those that open the jaw?
• The muscles that close are much stronger than the ones that open it. 
• Describe the primary muscles responsible for jaw elevation (closing)?
• Masseter: originates in zygomatic region/cheekbones and inserts over most of ramus. Internal pterygoid: originates at pterygoid plate (skull between zygomatic arch and top teeth) and inserts to inside of jaw at base of ramus. Together, create a sling-like structure that closes/retracts jaw. 
• Temporalis: fan-shaped muscle that covers most of side of head above ear, inserts into anterior of ramus near crooned process. 
• What is the advantage besides size that the jaw closing muscles have over the jaw opening muscles?
• They are connected to the skull, which is fixed in position relative to the jaw. The others are attached to the movable hyoid. 
• How does opening the mouth for everyday life differ from opening the mouth for singing?
• Everyday life: jaw dropped by relaxing closing muscles; gravity. Singing/speak/eat: must be dropped farther/more quickly than gravity can do. 
• Describe the muscles that can be used to actively open the jaw.
• Digastric: two bellies. Posterior: mastoid process to hyoid and elevates the larynx in swallowing. Anterior: from hyoid to mandible near point of chin and depresses jaw. 
• Mylohyoid: thinnest/least significant of openers, fan-shaped, originates along inside of mandible/inserts into hyoid. It’s the floor of the mouth. 
• Geniohyoid: Also thin, connects mandible and hyoid, between mylohyoid/below and genioglossus/above. 
• Why is muscular antagonism such a bad problem in jaw movement for singing?
• If resistive tension is present, the dual-function opening muscles will induce laryngeal elevation. 
• What is the solution to this problem?
• Minimize tension in all jaw muscles during phonation. (Less effective: anchor larynx by sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid muscles… but impair vocal freedom.)
• Describe the final two jaw-depressing muscles that do not have a connection to the hyoid.
• Platysma: wide thin muscle of face that produces grimace. Helps drop jaw, but distorts face. 
• Lateral pterygoid/aka external: originates at pterygoid plate, travels laterally to top of ramus. Jaw pulls forward, slightly rotating the condyle in temporomandibular joint, and induces small jaw drop and opens mouth. 
• What is sublaxation of the jaw?
• Dropping the jaw out of its normal socket in the TM joint.