What is McKinney’s definition of Resonance? (First sentence of chapter) Resonation is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/ or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air.
What is the end point (the purpose) of resonation? To make a better sound.
Define the 2 basic kinds of resonance. Sympathetic, or free resonance is when there is no physical contact between the resonator and the vibrator but begins to resonate because of vibrations in the air. Conductive resonance is when there is physical contact between the vibrator and the resonator and so the vibrations are conducted physically into the body of the resonator.
Describe how conductive resonance works in singing. The vibrations we feel when we sing are conductive because the vibrations from our vocal folds are running through our bones and cartilages and tissues.
Describe how sympathetic resonance works in singing. The listeners primarily experience sympathetic vibrations as your vocal folds release vibrations that then cause the hall, their ears etc. to vibrate sympathetically.
What are the factors that determine the resonance
characteristics of a resonator? 1. size. 2. Shape. 3. type of opening. 4. composition and thickness of the walls. 5. surface. 6. combined resonators.
If a resonator is larger, in general, what will happen to
its resonant frequency? the lower the frequency it will respond to the greater the volume of air the lower its pitch.
Which pitches does a conical shaped resonator amplify? magnifies all pitches indiscriminately
In a cylindrical resonator, which parameter is the primary
pitch determiner? the length of the tube.
In what ways can the opening of a spherical resonator affect
resonant pitch? The size of opening (smaller is higher pitched) and whether it has a lip (the longer the lip the lower the pitch)
What 3 factors relating to the walls of a resonator will
affect how it functions? the material, the thickness, and the type of surface.
How does the hardness/softness of the surface of a resonator
affect how it functions?the harder the surface the more selective it will be. The softer the surface the more universal it will become.
What happens to the resonant frequency of a resonator when
it is combined with another? Joining two or more resonators will lower the the resonant frequency
of each in different proportions according to their capacities.
What are the 7 POSSIBLE vocal resonators? The chest, tracheal tree, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity nasal cavity, sinuses.
Why does McKinney consider the pharynx the most important
resonator? because the other cavities have to accept whatever the pharynx passes to them. It is the only resonator which directly carries the product of the vibrator. It's position, size and degree of adjustability make it the most important resonator.
Why does McKinney consider the oral cavity the 2nd
most important resonator? It is well suited by location size and adjustability to serve as an effective vocal resonator. It is responsible for shaping vocal tone into words.
Vibrations in the nasal cavity are the Result not the Cause
of the
sound you are producing.
What are the 3 primary resonators? pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity
What are the optimal conditions in the vocal resonators for
classical singing? best for the larynx to remain in a fairly low position, open throat with flexibility, softness, tonus and sufficient size. Let the soft palate do what it is going to do on it's own. Flexible lips.
What are the favorable conditions for creating the Singer’s
Formant (Sundberg) 1. lowering the larynx 2. widening of the laryngeal ventricle 3. widening of the pyriform sinuses
Describe the 2 categories of faults related to nasal
resonance. those related to nasal resonance and those related to insufficient nasal resonance (hypo and hyper nasality)
What is postnasality?
What is another name for it? individual cannot close the nasal port completely enough with his soft palate to cut out the nasal cavity when it is not needed. Also called nasal honk.
What is forced nasality?
What is another name for it? Nasal twang. characterized by a tight, pinched sound which seems to be centered in the nasal cavity. This sound can be made when nasal port is completely closed off and so is actually caused by pharyngeal constriction somewhere.
What is denasality? insufficient nasal resonance.
What are some causes of a sound that is too bright? too much emphasis on the mouth as a resonator and not enough on the pharynx.
What are some causes of a sound that is too dark? too much emphasis on the pharynx as a resonator and not enough on the mouth.
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