Wednesday, April 16, 2014

Shalayna G. McCoy 11

What is the location and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
Intrinsic tongue muscles are found within the blade (dorsum) of the tongue , the portion that lies in the oral cavity and moves to form the vowels and consonants of speech.
What is the location and function of the extrinsic tongue muscles?
Extrinsic tongue muscles lie below, behind and above the blade, enabling it to be extended, retracted, elevated, depressed, and curled.
Why does movement of the tongue impact other structures of vocal tract?
Because of the multiple attachment points.
Name and describe the 4 tongue muscles that make up the “muscle sandwich”.
Superior and inferior longitudinal- long fibers running from the anterior to posterior of the dorsum. When contracted the entire dorsum in shortened. Contraction in the superior allows for the tongue to curl up. Contraction in the inferior allows the tongue allows the tip of the tongue to move downward.  The filling of the tongue, consist of the horizontal and vertical muscles. The horizontal muscles run through the medital/lateral plane of the dorsum and the vertical muscles are oriented from top to bottom. The contraction of the horizontal narrows the blade and is also responsible for curling the sides upward to form a long furrow. Contraction of the vertical flattens the tongue.
Name and describe the extrinsic tongue muscles.
Palatoglossus- runs from the soft palate to the walls of the pharynx to insert into the underside of the tongue. (It can raise the posterior of the tongue and lower the soft palate).
Styloglossus- begins at the styloid process and inserts into the posterior of the tongue. Contraction elevates the back of the tongue and assist with curling the central portion.
Genioglossus-the interior arch of the mandible and inserts into the underside of the dorsum.  This pulls the tongue forward.
Hyoglossus- tongue to the hyoid bone (tongue depression)
What is the biological function of the pharynx and palate?
They form the airway, allowing transport of oxygen to the lungs and they serve as the entrance to the alimentary canal, passing sustenance to the digestive system.
Describe the alveolar ridge.
A bony prominence that leads to your hard palate.  This plays an important role in pronouncing consonants including plosives like; d, t, nasal continuant n ,  and sibilants s, and z .
What are the faucial pillars?
Faucial pillars are seen near the back of the tongue, resembling the vertical sections of a proscenium arch.
What is another name for your soft palate?
Velum
What is the purpose of your uvula?
You uvula serves as a collection point for excess mucus that is produced in the nasopharynx and nose which is then dropped directly in to the digestive tract.
Describe the muscles of the pharynx.
Palatoglossus – lowers the palate and raises the tongue
Palatopharyngeus –lowering of the soft palate, tensing and narrowing the pharynx, causes laryngeal elevation
Stylopharyngeal –elevation of the larynx, widening of opening to esophagus at lower pharynx
Salpingopharyngeus –elevates lateral walls of pharynx

Describe the muscles of the soft palate.
Levator palati (palatine) – raises the palate (skull to palate)
Tensor palati –tenses and flattens palate, helps equalize pressure in middle ear (within the soft palate).
How do we lower the soft palate?
By relaxing the levator and tensor. The weight of gravity pressing upon the palate will passively depress it.
Describe the jaw.  What is its anatomical name?
 The jaw is a single unpaired bone that resembles the letter U or V when viewed from above. Another name for the jaw is called the Mandible.
How does the strength of the muscles that close the jaw compare with the muscles of those that open the jaw?
Muscles that raise the jaw are robust and very strong in humans. They can exert sufficient force to break teeth.
Describe the primary muscles responsible for jaw elevation (closing)?
Internal medial (pterygoid) – pterygoid plate to ramus (joining with masseter to form a sling)
Masseter- zygomatic region to mandible
Temporalis-temporal plate of skull to inside of ramus  (side of head)
What is the advantage besides size that the jaw closing muscles have over the jaw opening muscles?
The jaw closing  muscles have an advantage because of their connection the skull.
How does opening the mouth for everyday life differ from opening the mouth for singing?
In everyday life the jaw generally is dropped by relaxing the closing muscles, assisted by downward pull of gravity.  In singing, the jaw often must be dropped farther and more quickly than is possible by gravity alone.
Describe the muscles that can be used to actively open the jaw.
Digastric-
                  Anterior belly – chin to hyoid bone
                  Posterior belly- hyoid bone to mastoid process
Why is muscular antagonism such a bad problem in jaw movement for singing?
Muscular antagonism is such a bad problem in jaw movement for singing because of laryngeal elevation.
What is the solution to this problem?
Minimize tension in the jaw during phonation.
Describe the final two jaw-depressing muscles that do not have a connection to the hyoid.
Platysma- outside of the jaw, upper neck. Attached from the mandible to the neck.
Lateral Pterygoid – jaw and face. Pterygoid plate to ramus near the conyle.
What is sublaxation of the jaw?

Dropping the jaw out of its normal socket in the TM joint

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