What are the
area of vocal technique that are most strongly dependent on the student’s
ability to coordinate various functions? extending the vocal range to its maximum potential, developing consistent vocal production throughout the range, developing flexibility and agility, achieving a balanced vibrato
What are the
5 purposes McKinney gives for vocal exercise? warming up the voice, extending the range, 'lining up' the voice horizontally and vertically, acquiring vocal technique, and correcting vocal faults
What are his
recommendations for range for the warm-up part of vocal exercise? A singer should warm up the voice in the comfortable part of his/her range
Summarize
the recommended sequence of events for warming up. 1) general bending and stretching body exercises designed to loosen and tone the muscles, 2) particular exercises designed to release tension in the shoulders, neck, and throat, 3) Descending 5-note exercises designed to activate the articulators and induce resonance that sequence downward, 4) arpeggiated exercises which start fairly low in the total range and extend upward starting with ones of fairly limited range and then moving to wider ones
What is the
key to good vocalization? improvisation
What is the
first step in coordinating the voice so that you may start to work on range
extension? establishing good vocal habits in the most comfortable tessitura of the voice
What are the
three factors which significantly affect the ability to sing higher or lower? Energy, Space, Depth
As you sing
from the bottom to the top of your voice there should be a
___continuum___________________ of _____carefully__________ __graduated_______________ ____changes______________ in the amount of ___energy____________, ___space_____________, and
___depth________________.
What is
meant by the energy factor? it refers to the total response of the body to the making of sound
What is
meant by the space factor? adding space will cause the voice to resonate at a higher frequency and will help maintain proper laryngeal position as well as keep the voice from whitening
What are the
2 sources of more space? mouth opening, pharyngeal opening
What is the
depth factor? the physical and mental increase in depth experienced when singing higher pitches
What is
meant by lining up the voice? gaining the ability to maintain consistent tone quality
What
approaches can one use to unify the voice? lining up the vowels, lining up the registers, lining up the resonators
What is
horizontal vowel alignment? vowel change in which the tongue operates from a neutral position, moving to the
What is
vertical vowel alignment? singing throughout the range on the same vowel and singing a random sequence of vowels
How do we
maintain the vowels’ phonemic identities and still produce them without
noticeable change of quality? lining up the vowels
What are the
two aspects of vertical alignment of the voice? singing throughout the range on the same vowel, singing on a random sequence of vowels
McKinney
lists yet another aspect of vertical alignment. What is it? the ability to sing wide intervals without distracting changes of tone quality or dynamic level
What are the
‘secrets’ to the ability to sing high notes/ make a legato connection to the high note from the lower note, crescendo before moving to a high note, think of high notes not as high notes but as notes that require more energy
What are the
‘secrets’ to negotiate large leaps down into the lower voice? relaxation of effort
What are the
3 majors types of exercises that use falsetto? 1) those that start softly in falsetto and then move down the scale until a transition in to 'chest voice' occurs 2) those that are based on a loud falsetto sound and are pushed into modal voice on the same pitch or carried downward, 3) those that start quite low in modal voice with a firm ringing sound and then jump two octaves or a twelfth into loud falsetto
The
resonance system in adjusted in some way for every different ___vowel________ and
every different _pitch_________.
McKinney
state that many voices encounter a problem area somewhere between C4-G4. What are the 4 explanations for the
problem for males and the 2 for women? Men: the resonant frequency of the tracheal tree creates acoustical impedance at this pitch level, this area coincides with the first formant which plays a key factor in vowel determination, this is the area where vowel modification plays a prominent part in the male voice, and this is the area where a
What is
cover? a tone quality characterized as rich, mellow, round, and darkened
What is
open? an unpleasant, spread, or yell-like quality
What are the
steps to eliminating problems in the lower transition area in the female voice? making sure that brassy, high larynx sound is not being used; gradual transition from lighter quality to heavier quality
What is
vibrato? a pulsation of pitch, usually accompanied by synchronous pulsation of loudness and timbre, of such extent and rate as tot give a pleasing flexibility, tenderness, and richness to the tone
What are the
parameters of good vibrato? pitch vibration: 5-7 times per second, extent of pitch variation: 1/2 step, rate of intensity: 2-3 decibels
What are the
2 main causes of vibrato problems? excessive tension in the laryngeal mechanism and unbalanced breath support
What are the
2 causes of bleat? excessive breath pressure, quiver in the larynx
What is
primary cause of straight tone? laryngeal tension
What are the
main causes of wobble? lack of physical and vocal exercise
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