LaeKin Burgess McCoy chapter 11

What is the location and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles? Found within the blade (dorsum)  of the tongue that lies in the oral cavity and moves to form the vowels and consonants of speech.

What is the location and function of the extrinsic tongue muscles? Lie below, behind and above the blade enabling it to extend retract, elevate, depress, and curl.

Why does movement of the tongue impact other structures of vocal tract? They form a large muscle group that fills the jaw space, extends down to the hyoid bone, up into the pharynx and palate.  Because of all the attachment points the tongue can influence the jaw, larynx and vocal tract.

Name and describe the 4 tongue muscles that make up the “muscle sandwich”. Top and bottom layers are the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles running anterior to posterior of the dorsum. When contracted they shorten the dorsum.  Sole contraction of superior curls the tip of dorsum upward. Sole contraction of inferior curls tip of dorsum downward. The filling of the sandwich is the horizontal and vertical muscles. Horizontal run through the medial lateral plane of the dorsum and vertical are oriented from the top to the bottom. 

Name and describe the extrinsic tongue muscles.  Palatoglossus-originates in soft palate  and runs within the walls of the pharynx to insert into the underside of the tongue. A dual purpose muscle can rasie the posterior of the tongue and or lower the soft palate. 

Styloglossus- begins at the styloid process and inserts into the posterior of tongue contraction retracts and elevates the back of the tongue and assists with curling the central portion.

Hyoglossus- thich links the hyoid bone and tongue. Depresses the tongue

Genioglossus- pulls tongue forwardfills interior arch of the mandible and inserts into underside of dorsum.

What is the biological function of the pharynx and palate? Form the airway into lungs and serve as entrance to alimentary canal to pass food into the digestive system.

Describe the alveolar ridge.  Bony prominence that leads to your hard palate. Important for pronouncing consonants. 

What are the faucial pillars? Arches near the back of the tongue

What is another name for your soft palate? velum

What is the purpose of your uvula? Collection point for excess mucous in the nose 

Describe the muscles of the pharynx Palatoglossus- connects tongue to palate via pharynx rases the tongue narrows the pharynx and lowers the palate

Palatopharyngeous- orginates in soft palate and down through pharynx to insert in thyroid cartilage lowers soft palate tenses and narrows the pharynx and elevating the larynx. 

Stylopharyngeal muscle oriaginaltes from styloid process and runds down between the superiror and middle constrictors where merges with palatopharyngeus  connects to thyroid cartilage. 

Salpingopharyngeous.forms narrow band running from the auditory tube downward to merge with the palatopharyngeus. elevates the lateral walls to narrow the pharnyx.

Describe the muscles of the soft palate.  Levato Palati  or levator veli palatine froms the bulk of the palate originates form skill and auditory tube  draws palate up and back and oblique angle 

How do we lower the soft palate?  Actively or passively see pg. 161

Describe the jaw.  What is its anatomical name? The jaw, or mandible is a u shaped bone with an upward projections called the ramus on the posterior of each side of the u. there are two processes on each side the anterior is called coronid and the posterior is called the condyle. The condyle meets with temporal bone of the skull. and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

How does the strength of the muscles that close the jaw compare with the muscles of those that open the jaw?  The muscles that raise the jaw are much stronger than the ones opening it. 

Describe the primary muscles responsible for jaw elevation (closing)? Masseter and Temporalis 
Masseter -originates in the zygomatic region (cheekbones) and inserts over most of the ramus. 

Temporalis- fan shaped muscle that covers most of the side of the head above the ear. inserts into anterior of ramus near the coronid process.

Internal pterygoid originates at the pterygoid plate and inserts to the inside of the haw at the base of the ramus.  

What is the advantage besides size that the jaw closing muscles have over the jaw opening muscles? They attach to the skull which is much more steady than the hyoid bone to which the jaw openers attach. 

How does opening the mouth for everyday life differ from opening the mouth for singing? IN every day speaking the jaw can open by relaxing the muscle raisers and with the help of gravity. In singing the jaw sometimes has to be opened further and more quickly than is done in regular speaking. 

Describe the muscles that can be used to actively open the jaw. degastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid.
Degastric has two bellies the posterior rns from mastoid process to the hyoid bone and contracts to elevate the larynx when swallowing. The anterior belly connects from hoid bone inserting into the mandible near the point of the chin and contracts to depress the jaw. 
Mylohyoid is the thinnest and least significant. A fan-shaped muscle originating along the inside of mandible and inserting into the hyoid bone.  Most importantly it is the muscular floor of the mouth. 
Geniohyoid is thin band of muscle connecting the mandible and hyoid and lies between the hylohoid (below) and genioglossus (above)

Why is muscular antagonism such a bad problem in jaw movement for singing? If tension is present in the jaw closers the openers which are dual functioning will induce their secondary function which is laryngeal elevation. 

What is the solution to this problem? minimize tension is all jaw muscles during phonation. Can check by wiggling jaw with your hand. 

Describe the final two jaw-depressing muscles that do not have a connection to the hyoid. Platysma a wide thin muscle of the face that is primarily responsible for producing a grimace.
Lateral pterygoid or external pterygoid. Originates at pterygoid plate and travels laterally to insert into the top of the ramus. When contracted moves the jaw forward and rotates the condyle within it's joint inducing small jaw drop and slight mouth opening.  

What is sublaxation of the jaw? Dropping the jaw as far as it can go out of it's normal socket in the TM joint.