Emily C., Malde, Ch. 5, Part 2

Emily C., Malde, Ch. 5, Part 2

• The muscle of the lips extends all the way up to the ______________ and all the way down to the ______________________________.   
• Nose, indentation above the chin. 
• Describe the buccinators: include location, attachments, and function and resonance effect
• They form the inside of the cheeks, connect lips in front, back connects to SPC at a tendinous rap he inside cheekbone. Contraction: pull on lips and SPC, leading to constrict oral pharynx, pulling forward on SPC, affecting the palatoglossus, pulling on base of tongue, and palatopharyngeus, pull on larynx. Resonance=spread in this case. Buccinators also have fibers originating above upper molars, running obliquely attaching to lower molars; when contracting, the jaw tightenings as lips firm up. 
• What is the tongue’s survival function?
• To move food around and start the push down to the stomach. 
• What is the function of the tongue for singing?
• To form vowels/consonants. 
• How many intrinsic tongue muscles are there?  What is their function?
• Four; fine motor movements of articulation. 
• How many extrinsic tongue muscles are there?  What is their function?
• Five; move tongue forward, up, back, or down. 
• Where does the tongue have attachments?
• Hyoid bone and mandible/jaw at back of chin. 
• What is the septum of the tongue?  What is its function?
• The middle vertical fibrous section of the tongue, from center of hyoid and is point of attachment for intrinsic muscles. 
• What are ways that singers use their tongues inappropriately?
• Recruit the tongue to do the work of other muscles. (i.e. pushing down larynx with back of tongue). 
• What is the only healthy way to lower the larynx?
• Use the muscles that connect to it from below. (sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles; including sternothyoid muscles, pulling front of thyroid cartilage down, may assist in lowering entire larynx). 
• Which four muscles in the neck are the only muscles  that can play a positive role in vocal resonance?
• Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, stylopharyngeus. 
• What is the function of the rest of the neck muscles?
• Respiration (scalene and sternocleidomastoids), and turning head/lifting arms. 
• What are the strongest muscles that pull up on the larynx?
• The pair of hyoglossus muscles, connecting to back of tongue to hyoid bone. 
• Describe the aryepiglottic sphincter (location and function)
• It’s just above the VF and is defined by muscles surrounding the epiglottis cartilage. The aryepiglottic muscles originate at back of larynx and narrow AES and extend along side of aryepiglottic folds. Active in swallowing, contracting to bring epiglottis completely over larynx to prevent food/larynx from entering trachea. 
• What causes the Singer’s Formant?
• Happens when opening of larynx is smaller than width of lower larynx. Achieved by: widening pharynx (lower larynx) and/or making laryngeal opening smaller (close AES). 
• What is vowel modification?
• Altering the vowel sounds just slightly (via opening the jaw slightly, etc.) in order to facilitate reaching higher/lower pitches with more ease. 
• How can we be singing the correct pitch and still be off in terms of intonation?
• It depends on overtones that are emphasized with resonance; if high ones are emphasized, then it may sound sharp and vice versa.