Sam Meredith Mckinney Ch. 8

What is McKinney’s definition of Resonance?  (First sentence of chapter) Resonation is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air

What is the end point (the purpose) of resonation? to make a better sound

Define the 2 basic kinds of resonance. sympathetic resonance--no physical contact between two vibrating bodies, conductive resonance--physical contact between resonator and vibrating body

Describe how conductive resonance works in singing. vibrations from the vocal folds travel along the bones, cartilage and muscles of the neck. These sensations can be useful in helping a singer establish whether or not the vocal folds are working properly and whether the vocal tract has taken on the right shape

Describe how sympathetic resonance works in singing. what the audience hears when someone is singing is the result of sympathetic resonance. Sympathetic resonance is also what causes the cavities in the throat and head to vibrate as they are not in direct contact with the vocal folds.

What are the factors that determine the resonance characteristics of a resonator? size, shape, type of opening, composition and thickness of the walls, surface, and combined resonators

If a resonator is larger, in general, what will happen to its resonant frequency? it will most likely be lower

Which pitches does a conical shaped resonator amplify? it amplifies all of them

In a cylindrical resonator, which parameter is the primary pitch determiner? the length of the tube

In what ways can the opening of a spherical resonator affect resonant pitch? if the opening is smaller the resonant pitch will be lowered. The resonant pitch will also be lowered if the lip on the opening is longer

What 3 factors relating to the walls of a resonator will affect how it functions? the material it is made of, the thickness of its walls, and the type of surface it has

How does the hardness/softness of the surface of a resonator affect how it functions? the harder the surface of a resonator is, the more selective it will be in which pitches it resonates

What happens to the resonant frequency of a resonator when it is combined with another? the resonant frequency of each resonator will be lowered in different proportions depending on their capacities, orifices, etc.

What are the 7 POSSIBLE vocal resonators? the chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, the sinuses

Why does McKinney consider the pharynx the most important resonator? it is the first cavity of any size through which the product of the laryngeal vibrator passes

Why does McKinney consider the oral cavity the 2^nd most important resonator? it is well-suited by location, size, and adjustability to serve as an effective resonator

Vibrations in the nasal cavity are the ­­­­­_result_______________________ not the ______cause____________________

of the sound you are producing.

What are the 3 primary resonators? the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity

What are the optimal conditions in the vocal resonators for classical singing? a relatively low larynx, an open pharynx, a raised soft palate, no rigidity in the lips

What are the favorable conditions for creating the Singer’s Formant (Sundberg) lowering of the larynx, widening of the laryngeal ventricle, widening of the pyriform sinuses

Describe the 2 categories of faults related to nasal resonance. excessive nasal resonance, and insufficient nasal resonance

What is postnasality?  What is another name for it? when the nasal port is open enough for the nasal resonator to exert the predominant influence on the external sound produced; nasal honk

What is forced nasality?  What is another name for it?  a tight, pinched sound centered in the nasal cavity; nasal twang

What is denasality? when there is insufficient nasal resonance

What are some causes of a sound that is too bright? there is more of an emphasis on the mouth as a resonator and not enough on the pharynx

What are some causes of a sound that is too dark? There is too much of an emphasis on the pharynx as a resonator