Clean – Raspy
Dramatic – Lyric
Loft – Twang
Clear – Breathy
Healthy – Damaged
Dark – Bright
Forward – Back
Ringing – Conversational
Nasal – Non-Nasal
Free – Forced
Straight Tone – Vibrant
Wobble – Flutter
Define chiaroscuro. (2) A term for the measure of the
brightness/darkness of vocal timbre
How does the strength of the overtones vary in tones that
are bright vs. dark? (2) In a bright voice the higher pitched overtones have
more strength while in a dark voice the lower-pitched overtones have more
strength.
What causes twang resonance? How would you describe the
sound? (2) A narrowing in the vocal tract; when excessive it can sound pinched
or nasal
What causes loft resonance? (2) Relaxation and enlargement of the pharynx along with
raising the soft palate
What often causes the sound to be ‘back’ rather than
forward? (2-3) Root of tongue tension
Lyric and dramatic are indicators of both the size and the color
of the voice. (3)
Synonyms for light and dramatic might be lyric
and full .
(3)
What is the cause of breathiness? (3) incomplete closure of
the glottis
What is raspiness?
What causes raspiness? (3) a coarse, gravelly timbre; it can be caused either by phonation using the
false vocal folds or it can be the result of vocal pathology
How are breathiness and raspiness different? (3) breathiness
sound more like a hiss or white noise whereas raspiness is a more coarse sound
What are signs of a damaged voice? (3) extraneous sounds
such as breathiness or raspiness, phonation of two simultaneous pitches,
intonation problems, excessively wide or slow vibrato
What is nasality?
What causes nasality? (4) active resonance in the nasal cavity; it’s
caused by an opening between the soft palate and the nasal cavity
Define free singing. (4-5) singing that gives the impression
of ease and can be sustained for extended periods of time without vocal fatigue
or vocal damage
Define forced singing. (5) singing that gives the impression
of great vocal stress and is quickly followed by hoarseness or vocal damage
Define vibrato. (5) long-term vibration superimposed on a
given pitch
What is the compass of a normal vibrato? (5) a major 2nd
or more from top to bottom
Describe the characteristics of regular vibrato. (5) consistency,
equal portions of pitch and loudness modulation that occur in perfect
synchronization
What does pitch-dominant vibrato sound like? (5) like a slow
trill, making it difficult to discern what pitch is actually being sung
What does loudness-dominant vibrato sound like? (5) it
sounds like a billy goat
What is the oscillation rate of a healthy, well-balanced
vibrato? (5) between 4.5 and 7 cycles per second
Define wobble. (5-6) very slow vibrato
What causes wobble? (6) bad technique, extended periods of
incorrect voice use, neurological disorders, old age
How can we avoid developing a wobble? (6) Good vocal
hygiene, maintenance of pulmonary health
Define flutter. (6) excessively rapid vibrato
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