Jake Spjute McCoy chapter 1

Clean – Raspy
Dramatic – Lyric
Loft – Twang
Clear – Breathy
Healthy – Damaged
Dark – Bright
Forward – Back
Ringing – Conversational
Nasal – Non-Nasal
Free – Forced
Straight Tone –Vibrant
Wobble – Flutter

Define chiaroscuro. "light-dark" chiaroscuro is the goal of finding the correct balance between the space and shape of the throat/mouth (oscuro) and the natural nasality and brightness of the voice. (chiaro)
How does the strength of the overtones vary in tones that are bright vs. dark?Bright tones have stronger high pitched overtones, dark ones have stronger lower overtones. 
What causes twang resonance? How would you describe the sound? The narrowing of the vocal tract. To me, twang sounds like a really nasal country singer, its really bright, forward, and nasal. Obviously you need some of these components in singing, but twang has way too much.
What causes loft resonance? Lowering the larynx and lifting the soft palate.
What often causes the sound to be ‘back’ rather than forward? tongue tension.
Lyric and dramatic are indicators of both the size and the of the voice. Color.
Synonyms for light and dramatic might be lyric and full.
What is the cause of breathiness? The vocal folds not being fully adducted. 
What is raspiness? What causes raspiness? raspiness is a rough, coarse sound created by irregular vocal fold vibrations. 
How are breathiness and raspiness different? Breathiness is like a hiss in their breath. Raspiness sounds like grinding, rough, like a person's voice who smokes 
What are signs of a damaged voice? airy or gravely tones, cracking sounds, unnatural vibrato, bad intonation, breathing etc.
What is nasality? What causes nasality? Nasality is the activation of resonators in the nasal cavity. Happens when the soft palate does not close all the way.
Define free singing. lots of people have many different ideas on what free singing is. The best way to tell if someone is sing well is if they have had a long healthy career.
Define forced singing. someone who forces a certain sound instead of letting it happen naturally. Like pushing, or trying to sing too loudly, or trying to control the sound.
Define vibrato. long-term, consistent oscillation around a sustained pitch.
What is the compass of a normal vibrato? around a major second or so.
Describe the characteristics of regular vibrato. a vibrato that has a consistent speed and pitch movement. 
What does pitch-dominant vibrato sound like? it sounds like a big trill and you can't really tell where the pitch is.
What does loudness-dominant vibrato sound like? An example in the book says a goat bleeding. 
What is the oscillation rate of a healthy, well-balanced vibrato? 4.5 - 7 cycles per second.
Define wobble. When vibrato is too slow (less than 4.5 cps) it also has a wide pitch
What causes wobble? old age and bad technique
How can we avoid developing a wobble? learning proper, healthy technique and taking care of yor voice
Define flutter.  vibrato is faster than 7 cps