Clean -- Raspy
Dramatic –Lyric
Loft –Twang
Clear –Breathy
Healthy –Damaged
Dark –Bright
Forward –Back
Ringing –Conversational
Nasal –Non-nasal
Free –Forced
Straight Tone –Vibrant
Wobble –Flutter
Define chiaroscuro. (2) Chiaroscuro is literally "light/dark". The "light" part of the voice has more brilliance and carrying power, where the "dark" part provides the warmth and fullness.
How does the strength of the overtones vary in tones that
are bright vs. dark? (2) Bright sounds have stronger high-pitched overtones and dark sounds have stronger low-pitched overtones.
What causes twang resonance? How would you describe the
sound? (2) Twang resonance is caused by the narrowing of the vocal tract and can be described as brassy, edgy, or nasal sounding.
What causes loft resonance?
(2) Loft resonance is caused by the enlarging of the pharynx and lifting of the soft palate.
What often causes the sound to be ‘back’ rather than
forward? (2-3) "Back" or "forward" refers to the perceived tone "placement". A "back" sound is darker and may sound caught in the throat, and this can be because of tongue root tension.
Lyric and dramatic are indicators of both the size and the color of the voice. (3)
Synonyms for light and dramatic might be lyric and full .
(3)
What is the cause of breathiness? (3) Breathiness is caused by incomplete glottal closure and may be exacerbated by poor breath support.
What is raspiness?
What causes raspiness? (3) Raspiness is extraneous noise in vocal sound that can be described as hoarse or gravelly sounding. Raspiness can be deliberately employed by vibrating the false vocal folds, or can be a result of vocal damage.
How are breathiness and raspiness different? (3) Breathiness is like a white noise or hiss behind all of the sound, and raspiness is a hoarse, coarse, gravelly sound.
What are signs of a damaged voice? (3) A damaged voice can have hoarse, raspy, cracking, or popping sounds in it, or diplophonia, or intonation or vibrato problems.
What is nasality?
What causes nasality? (4) Nasality is active resonating in the nasal cavity. When the nasal port is open, there is nasality in the sound. (Cindy, I'm still trying to understand nasality--having the sound resonate somewhat in the nasal cavity is good, yes?)
Define free singing. (4-5) Free singing creates the impression of ease, and a singer should be able to sing for long periods of time without vocal fatigue if the singing is free.
Define forced singing. (5) Forced singing is taxing on the singer and will induce hoarseness or noticeable vocal fatigue.
Define vibrato. (5) Vibrato is long-term vibration or oscillation superimposed on a sustained pitch.
What is the compass of a normal vibrato? (5) The compass of a normal vibrato is a major second or more from top to bottom.
Describe the characteristics of regular vibrato. (5) Well-balanced vibrato has equal parts pitch and loudness modulation that are synchronized.
What does pitch-dominant vibrato sound like? (5) Pitch-dominant vibrato sounds like a slow trill and makes it difficult to hear the actual pitch being sung.
What does loudness-dominant vibrato sound like? (5) Loudness-dominant vibrato sounds like the bleating of a goat.
What is the oscillation rate of a healthy, well-balanced
vibrato? (5) Healthy, well-balanced vibrato oscillates at about 4.5 to 7 cycles per second.
Define wobble. (5-6) Wobble is a very slow vibrato, less than 4.5 cps, and is wide in pitch compass.
What causes wobble? (6) Wobble can be caused by poor technique, years of overuse of the voice, neurological disorders, or old age.
How can we avoid developing a wobble? (6) Wobble can be avoided by good vocal hygiene throughout life.
Define flutter. (6) Flutter is a very fast vibrato, >7 cps, with a narrow pitch compass.
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