What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles? What are their functions?
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles move the larynx as a whole unit up and down in the neck. Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for the small movements inside the larynx.
Describe the cartilages of the larynx. Include information about structure, size, function.
Cricoid cartilage: round with a hollow space in the center, the back of the ring is taller than the front
Thyroid cartilage: open at the back, Adam's apple in front, pair of horns on the back top and bottom,
Arytenoid cartilages: connect to the cricoid cartilage with flexible joints that allow them to move. 3 proccesses, shaped like triangle
Epiglottis: shaped like a teardrop, point oriented downward. Covers the glottis to prevent food/liquid from entering the trachea.
What is cartilage?
A tough, elastic tissue with a distinct shape like bone but more flexible.
What is ligament?
A short, flexible, tough fibrous type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone, bone to carilage or cartilage to cartilage.
What is muscle origin?
Muscle origin is the point of attachment of a muscles that remains relatively fixed during contraction.
What is muscle insertion?
The point of attachment of a muscle that moves most during contraction.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
When opposing muscles are working with each other: one is contracting or recoiling as the other releases.
What is muscle antagonism?
When opposing muscles are working against each other: both contracting.
What are opposing muscles?
Muscles that work in opposite directions.
What are paired muscles?
Muscles that occur on both sides of the body, one the mirror image of the other.
What is stabilized physiological tremor rate?
The rate of vibration innate to the body that occurs when muscles antagonism is sustained.
Describe the following muscles (location and function)
1. posterior cricoarytenoid: originates from the back of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the muscular processes of the arytenoid cartilages. Opens the vocal folds.
2. lateral cricoarytenoid: insert into the muscular processes of the arytenoid cartilages and originate from the sides of the cricoid cartilage. Closes the vocal folds but leaves an opening in the back.
3. transverse arytenoid: Connects straight across the arytenoids. Works with the OA to close the opening in the back of the glottis.
4. oblique arytenoid: Connect the arytenoids at an angle crossing in the center.
What are the two parts of the Thyroarytenoid muscle? What are their functions?
The vocalis muscle: primary vibrating body of the vocal fold
External thyroarytenoid muscle: make the vocal folds shorter and thicker.
What are the two parts of the Cricothyroid muscle? What are their functions? What are their attachments?
Two bellies: the rock the thyroid cartilage forward at its joints with the cricoid cartilage
How is pitch determined?
by the rate of vibration, the faster the vibration the higher.
What happens as we descend in pitch?
The external TA's contract bringing the arytenoid cartilages closer the the TA, which shortens the vocal folds.
Summarize the activities of the 3 laryngeal muscles responsible for pitch.
External TA: make the vocal folds shorter, thicker and looser when the engage, lowers pitch.
Vocalis muscle: add tension to the vocal folds when they engage. Raise pitch.
Cricothyroid muscles: Make the vocal folds longer, thinner, and tenser when they engage, Raises pitch.
Define register. (What happens at the laryngeal level?)
A series of tones that have the same vocal production. As we ascend in pitch the TA muscles slowly releases and the CT muscles take over.
Name and describe the 4 registers of the voice. (Please include the subdivisions of modal.)
-Modal voice (Chest, head, mixed)
-Falsetto/flute
-Whistle
-Glottal fry
How does heavy vs light differ from loud vs soft?
Heavy and light refer to the quality of the sound not necessarily the volume.
In classical singing, we blend the actions of the TA and CT using dynamic equilibrium.
What are the 3 possible types of onset/offset. Describe them.
-glottal: vibration is delayed momentarily because the chords were closed
-aspirate: the vocal folds separate wile air continues to flow from the lungs, sounds like an h
-balanced: In onset, the air flowing from the lungs meets the glottis just as it is closing and sets the vocal folds in vibration immediately. In offfset, the vocal folds separate just as the air ceases to flow form the lungs.
How do the vocal folds come into vibration?
elastic recoil and the Bernoulli effect
What causes a breathy sound?
The larynx produces a breathy tone when the vocal folds are closed too loosely or the space between the arytenoids is left open.
What causes a strident sound?
Heavy vocal production: caryying the chest voice up into mixed or head
What causes a tight sound?
the laryngeal muscles are working to hard to close the glottis
What does the larynx have to do with dynamics?
Loudness and softness are regulated by the speed of the breath flow and the reaction of the vocal folds to that flow. Loud singing, we release air quickly. Quiet singing, release air slowly.
How can intonation be fixed?
by examining how we produce the sound.
What causes vibrato?
Vibration happens with the opposing muscles of the larynx are working in balance with enough force to create the stabilized physiological tremor rate innate to the body.
How can vibrato be controlled?
the body must be in balance, the neck must be released and the extrinsic laryngeal muscles are in balance. The breath flow must also be in balance.
What are nodules and how can they be prevented?
Nodules are calluses on the membrane covering the vocal folds. They can be prevented by paying attention to your larynx and your whole body, drinking water, not abusing your speaking voice, not smoking and taking time to rest the voice.
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