What is the key to success in resonance? Awareness.
What are the 9 movable structures that affect the shape of your resonator? The balance of the head over the spine, the pharyngeal constrictors, the soft palate, the jaw, the tongue, the lips, the muscles of the cheek, the larynx, and the aryepiglottic sphincter.
Describe the vocal tract at rest. The lips are closed gently or open, the jaw is released and the teeth are not touching, the tongue is laying in the cradle of the jaw touching the lower teeth all the way around, the cheeks are free and long, the soft palate is suspended, the muscles of the pharynx are relaxed against the vertebrae of the neck, and the larynx is midway between it's highest and lowest point.
Which movements of the vocal tract are essential to all styles of good singing? The jaw is released and free to move, the tongue lies easily in the cradle of the jaw and moves freely to form vowels, the pharyngeal muscles are released, and the head is in balance on the A-O joint.
Which movements are specific to classical style? The lips are released and forward and the cheeks are long and free, the larynx is lower and the soft palate is higher. Vowels are modified.
Which movements do non-classical singers make? A wider lateral opening in the mouth causing the lips to spread. The movements of the larynx, soft palate, and jaw will be closer to those of speech.
Keeping the head in balance does not mean keeping it immobile.
What are the two effects of resonance by the balance of the head? It can move the larynx and alter the curve of the throat.
What happens if you allow the back of the head to pull back and down (Chin up)? The larynx raises, shortening the vocal tract and inhibiting the laryngeal muscles.
Describe the pharyngeal constrictors, as a whole. Three thin sheets of muscles that nestle against the front of the spine and slope down the sides of the throat.
Describe the location of the SPC. connects to the base of the skull, right in front of the A-O joint, and comes down to connect to the sides of the cheeks.
Describe the location of the MPC. It is at the level of the corner of the jaw, the sides connect to the hyoid bone.
Describe the location of the IPC. It is continuous with the esophagus, and the sides connect to the cricoid cartilage.
What is the survival function of the pharyngeal constrictors? They constrict to aid in swallowing or vomiting.
What is the job of the pharyngeal muscles for singing? To stay out of the way!
What is the one muscles that can open the throat slightly? How does it do this? Where is it located? The stylopharyngeus, It stretches the middle of the pharynx. It originates at the styloid process and extends down along the outside of the upper pharyngeal constrictor, and inserts between the middle and lower pharyngeal muscles.
What should we avoid doing to try to get louder? Why? Tense the sides of the vocal tract. Because it creates a nasty buzzy sound. The air column is the resonator, not the vocal tract.
What are our choices if we want more volume? We can use faster air flow or change the shape of the chamber of air (by changing the shape of the vocal tract.
Describe the velum (location and function) It opens and closes the passages to the nose. It is located at the top of the throat above the opening into the mouth. The uvula hangs from it's back edge.
Describe the movements of the soft palate. When it is elevated, it closes off the nasal passageway. When it lowers it closes off the oral cavity! When it is relaxed, both passages are open.
How many muscle pairs control the movement of the soft palate? To what are they all attached? Two muscles raise it and two muscles lower it - all attach to the uvular muscle.
What are the muscles called that lift the soft palate? Describe their location. Levator palatini muscles, originate at the base of the skull behind the nose, pass through the upper pharyngeal constrictor, and insert into the top of the uvular muscle.
Which muscles stretch the soft palate from side to side? Describe their location. Tensor veli palatini. They insert slightly farther forward from the base of the skull and then connect to a horn behind the nasal cavity and then attach to the sides of the uvular muscle.
What is the secondary effect of tensing the two muscles listed above?
What are the muscles that lower the soft palate? What is the effect of engaging these muscles? The palatopharyngeus muscles and the palatoglossus muscles. Engaging them creates a more nasal tone.
Describe the location of these muscles. They insert into the uvular muscle and then down to the lower pharyngeal constrictor.
Describe the mandible. It is a horse shoe shaped bone that slopes upward at the ends.
Describe the location of the temporal mandibular joint. Right in front of the ears.
What are the three most important muscles that move the jaw? What are their functions? The masseter and the temporalis muscles close the jaw and the digastric muscles open the jaw.
Describe the location of the masseter muscles. The origin is on the underside of the cheek bones. The muscle goes down and slightly back to connect along the outer edge of the jaw line.
Describe the location of the temporalis muscles. This muscle originates in a fan shape across the sides of the skull above the ears, goes under the cheekbones, and inserts on the coronoid process of the jaw.
Describe the location and function of the muscles that open the jaw. The digastric muscle originates from the mastiod process at the base of the skull, goes down to the hyoid, and then swings back up to connect to the inside of the jaw, right in the middle. The geniohyoid muscle runs from the jaw to the hyoid bone. The mylohyoid muscle inserts behind the chin as well, but higher up than the digastric and geniohyoid. It fans outwards and connects all around the jaw and then to the hyoid bone - thus forming the floor of the mouth.
How do these three pairs of muscles move the jaw? They pull it back and down toward the hyoid when the hyoid is anchored by the muscles below.
Which are the consonants that require the masseter and temporalis to contract slightly? [s] [z] [f] [v]
Do any consonants require the teeth to be closed? No
What is the jaw position for most consonants? Released. Neutral. The masseter and temporalis muscles simply let go.
Which muscles moves the jaw forward and from side to side? Describe their location & function. The lateral and medial pterygoids. They attach from the base of the skull behind the nose to the jaw. The medial pterygoids attach to the inside of the madible at the lower back corner. The lateral pterygoids attach to the condyles of the mandible.
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