Sam Meredith Malde Ch. 5

What is the key to success in resonance? awareness

What are the 9 moveable structures that affect the shape of your resonator? the balance of your head over the spine, the pharyngeal constrictors, the soft palate, the mandible, the tongue, the lips, the buccinator muscles, the larynx, the aryepiglottic sphincter

Describe the vocal tract at rest. the lips are not pressed together, the jaw is slightly open, the tongue is in the cradle of the jaw, the cheeks are free, the soft palate is suspended, the muscles of the pharynx are neither stretched nor tense, the larynx is midway between its highest and lowest point

Which movements of the vocal tract are essential to all styles of good singing? the jaw must move freely for articulation, the must lie easily in the jaw but constantly move to form different vowels and consonants, the pharyngeal muscles will be released, the head will be free to move, but remain balanced on the A-O joint

Which movements are specific to classical style? the lips will remain released and forward and the cheeks will be long and free

Which movements do non-classical singers make? they may select a wider lateral opening of the mouth, movements of the larynx, soft palate, and jaw will be closer to those of speech

Keeping the head in balance does not mean keeping it __immobile_______________________.

What are the two effects of resonance by the balance of the head? it can move the larynx and change the curve of the throat

What happens if you allow the back of the head to pull back and down (Chin up)? the larynx will be pulled up through its connection to the hyoid bone

Describe the pharyngeal constrictors, as a whole. they are thin sheets of muscle that nestle against the front of the spine at the back of the throat and curve forward sloping down at the sides

Describe the location of the SPC. it is attached to the base of the skull right behind the opening to the nose just in front of the A-O joint. It sides connect to the muscles of the inner cheek

Describe the location of the MPC. it is level with the corner of the jaw, the sides of the muscle connect to the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue

Describe the location of the IPC. it is continuous with the esophagus on the bottom and connects to the cricoid cartilage at the sides

What is the survival function of the pharyngeal constrictors? to assist during swallowing and regurgitation

What is the job of the pharyngeal muscles for singing? to stay out of the way

What is the one muscles that can open the throat slightly? How does it do this? Where is it located? the stylopharyngeus muscle, it stretches the middle of the pharynx, it originates at the styloid process on the bottom side of the skull and extends obliquely down and forward along the outside of the upper pharyngeal constrictor, inserting between the upper and middle pharyngeal constrictors

What should we avoid doing to try to get louder?  Why? tensing the sides of the vocal tract; it makes it sound purely like the buzz of the vocal folds

What are our choices if we want more volume? faster air flow, change the shape of the chamber of air, or both

Describe the velum (location and function) it is a valve that opens and closes the passages to the nose; it is located at the top of the throat above the opening of the pharynx into the mouth

Describe the movements of the soft palate. movement of the soft palate regulates nasality

How many muscle pairs control the movement of the soft palate?  To what are they all attached? 4; the uvular muscle

What are the muscles called that lift the soft palate?  Describe their location. leveator veli palatini muscles; they originate at the base of the skull and insert into the top of the uvular muscle

Which muscles stretch the soft palate from side to side?  Describe their location. the tensor palatini muscles; they originate slightly farther forward on the base of the skull and descend to the pterygoid hamulus and attach to the sides of the uvular muscle

What is the secondary effect of tensing the two muscles listed above? the vertical space of the pharynx also increases

What are the muscles that lower the soft palate? What is the effect of engaging these muscles? the palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles; engagement of these muscles makes the tone more nasal

Describe the location of these muscles. the palatopharyngeus muscles are long, thin muscles that connect the sides of the uvular muscle to the lower pharyngeal constrictor. The palatoglossus muscles connect the uvular muscle to the sides of the tongue at the back

Describe the mandible. it is horseshoe shaped when viewed from above or below, is taller at the back than at the front, there are two rounded condyles on each side that connect the jaw to the rest of the skull, there are coronoid processes which go inside the cheek bones when the jaw is closed

Describe the location of the temporal mandibular joint. the joints are located right in front of the ears

What are the three most important muscles that move the jaw? What are their functions? the masseter, and temporalis muscles which close the jaw, the digastric muscles, which open the jaw

Describe the location of the masseter muscles. they originate from the underside of the cheekbones and insert into the sides of the jaw along the back

Describe the location of the temporalis muscles. they originate in a fan shape from the sides of the skull above the ears, run obliquely inside the cheekbones and insert into the coronoid processes of the jaw

Describe the location and function of the muscles that open the jaw. digastric muscles originate inside the mastoid process, run through a loop attached to the hyoid vone and then run under the tongue to attach at the front of the jaw behind the chin; the geniohyoid muscles originate at the front of the jaw behind the center of the chin, run under the tongue to insert to the front of the hyoid bone; the mylohyoid muscles originate from the insides of the mandible above the digastrics and geniohyoids and meet under the middle of the tongue in a fibrous band called a raphe, which runs from the back of the chin to the hyoid bone where the backs of the mylohyoids insert; all of these muscles pull the chin back and down towards the hyoid, thus lowering the jaw

How do these three pairs of muscles move the jaw? they pull the chin back and down toward the hyoid bone

Which are the consonants that require the masseter and temporalis to contract slightly? [s], [z], [f], [v]

Do any consonants require the teeth to be closed? no

What is the jaw position for most consonants? neutral

Which muscles moves the jaw forward and from side to side? Describe their location & function the lateral and medial pterygoids; they both arise on the base of the skull behind the nose; the lateral pterygoids attach to the condyles of the mandible right in front of the TMJs; the medial pterygoids attach to the inside of the mandible at the lower back corner; these muscles bring the condyle in the TMJ forward and can assist in closing the jaw; they are helpful in chewing but not in singing