What is the key to success in resonance? awareness
What are the 9 moveable structures that affect the shape of
your resonator? balance of head over spine, pharyngeal constrictors, velum/soft palate, mandible/jaw, tongue, lips, buccinators muscles in cheek, larynx, aryepiglottic sphincter
Describe the vocal tract at rest. lips can be closed or slightly open, teeth slightly apart, tongue resting and touching bottom teeth all the way around, free and long cheeks, soft palate suspended so that air can move through nose or mouth, pharyngeal muscles easily nestled against vertebrae, larynx midway between highest and lowest points
Which movements of the vocal tract are essential to all
styles of good singing? free moving jaw, free tongue, released pharyngeal muscles, balanced A-O joint that is free to move
Which movements are specific to classical style? lips released and forward, cheeks long and free, more variation in jaw opening, lower larynx, higher soft palate
Which movements do non-classical singers make? wider lateral opening of lips, more speech-like movement of larynx, soft palate, jaw
Keeping the head in balance does
not mean keeping it immobile.
What are the two effects of
resonance by the balance of the head? moving the larynx (shortening the vocal tract), change curve of throat
What happens if you allow the
back of the head to pull back and down (Chin up)? larynx will be pulled up and vocal tract will be shortened
Describe the pharyngeal
constrictors, as a whole. three thin sheets of muscle nestled against the front of the spine at the back of the throat and curve forward sloping down at sides
Describe the location of the SPC. connected to base of skull, right behind nose, right in front of A-O joint, sides connect to cheek muscles, which connect to lips
Describe the location of the MPC. at the level of the corner of the jaw, connected to hyoid bone at base of tongue
Describe the location of the IPC. connected to cricoid cartilage
What is the survival function of
the pharyngeal constrictors? assisting swallowing and vomiting
What is the job of the pharyngeal
muscles for singing? NOTHING
What is the one muscle that can
open the throat slightly? How does it do this? Where is it located? stylopharyngeus can help stretch middle of pharynx by pulling out on the middle pharyngeal constrictor, located behind ear extending down and forward along outside of SPC, inserting between SPC and MPC
What should we avoid doing to try
to get louder? Why? tensing the sides of the vocal tract, because the surface of the vocal tract isn't the resonator, the chamber of air is
What are our choices if we want
more volume? use faster air flow, change shape of air chamber
Describe the velum (location and
function) valve that opens and closes passages to the nose, located at top of throat above opening of pharynx to mouth
Describe the movements of the
soft palate. moves up and down to regulate nasality
How many muscle pairs control the
movement of the soft palate? To what are
they all attached? 4, to the uvular muscle
What are the muscles called that
lift the soft palate? Describe their location. levator veli palatini originate at base of skull behind nose, pass through SPC, insert at top of uvular muscle
Which muscles stretch the soft
palate from side to side? Describe their
location. tensor veli palatini originate farther forward on base of skull, descend to pterygoid hamulus, a bony horn that projects from skull behind nasal cavity, turns to attach to sides of uvular muscle
What is the secondary effect of
tensing the two muscles listed above? increase vertical space of pharynx
What are the muscles that lower
the soft palate? What is the effect of engaging these muscles? palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, making a more nasal tone quality
Describe the location of these
muscles. connect sides of uvular muscle to IPC
Describe the mandible. jaw bone, shaped like a horseshoe, taller in back than in front, has two condyles that connect the jaw to skull with joints just in front of ears
Describe the location of the
temporal mandibular joint. right in front of the ears
What are the three most important
muscles that move the jaw? What are their functions? masseter--to bring teeth together for chewing, temporalis muscle--to bring teeth together for chewing, digastric muscles--to open jaw
Describe the location of the
masseter muscles. originate on underside of cheekbone, insert into sides of jaw at back
Describe the location of the
temporalis muscles. originate in fan shape from sides of skull above ears, run obliquely inside cheekbones, inserting into coronoid processes of jaw
Describe the location and
function of the muscles that open the jaw. digastric muscles originate at inside of mastoid process, run obliquely down, pass through fibrous loop attached to hyoid bone, run under tongue to attach at front of jaw behind chin; geniohyoid originate at front of jaw behind chin, run under tongue, insert into hyoid bone; mylohyoid originate from inside mandible above digastrics and geniohyoid, meeting in a fibrous band called a raphe, and the mylohyoid forms the floor of the mouth
How do these three pairs of
muscles move the jaw? pull the chin back and down toward hyoid bone
Which are the consonants that
require the masseter and temporalis to contract slightly? [s] [z] [v] [f]
Do any consonants require the
teeth to be closed? no
What is the jaw position for most
consonants? neutral
Which muscles moves the jaw
forward and from side to side? Describe their location & function. lateral and medial pterygoids--originate at base of skull behind nose, insert at condyles of mandible and inside of mandible at lower back corner, respectively; assist in chewing but not singing
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