What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic
laryngeal muscles? What are their functions? Extrinsic muscles are on the outside of the larynx and move the whole
thing up and down. Intrinsic muscles lie within the larynx and connect to
cartilages that are responsible for delicate movements within the larynx.
Describe the cartilages of the larynx. Include information about structure, size, function.
Describe the cartilages of the larynx. Include information about structure, size, function.
Cricoid cartilage
sits on top of the trachea, is round with a hollow space in the center like a
signet ring. When at rest it is parallel to the floor.
Thyroid cartilage is
in the front of the neck and sits on top of the cricoids cartilage. It has two
superior horns and two inferior horns, one for each side of the cartilage. Your
vocal folds are housed on the inside of this cartilage.
Two arytenoids cartilages
perch atop the back of the cricoid cartilage. They are connected by joints that
let them swivel and slide. The vocal folds attach to one of each of the three
processes on either arytenoid (two muscular processes and one vocal process).
Epiglottis is shaped
like a two dimensional teardrop with the point facing downward. This bottom
point connects to the center of the thyroid cartilage on the inside. The
muscles around the epiglottis draw it down over the glottis to prevent food and
liquid from entering the trachea.
What is cartilage? A tough, elastic tissue with a distinct shape like a bone but more flexible.
What is ligament? A short, flexible, tough fibrous type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage or cartilage to cartilage.
What is muscle origin? The point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction.
What is muscle insertion? The point of attachment of a muscle that moves most during contraction.
What is dynamic equilibrium? When opposing muscles are working with each other: one is contracting or recoiling as the other releases.
What is muscle antagonism? When opposing muscle are working against each other: both are contracting. AKA co-contraction.
What are opposing muscles? Muscles that work in opposite directions. Like biceps and triceps.
What are paired muscles? Muscles that occur on both sides of the body, one the mirror image of the other.
What is stabilized physiological tremor rate? The rate of vibration innate to the body that occurs when muscle antagonism is sustained.
Describe the following muscles (location and function)
1. posterior cricoarytenoid- Insert from the back of the cricoids cartilage and attach to the arytenoids cartilages. When they contract the arytenoids swivel to open the glottis.
2. lateral cricoarytenoid- inserts into the muscular processes of the arytenoids cartilages but originate from the sides of the cricoid. The swivel the arytenoids upon contraction to close the glottis.
3. transverse arytenoids- slides the arytenoids cartilages snugly together to finish closing the glottis. These run straight across from one arytenoids to the next.
4. oblique arytenoids- Same as the transverse but they run diagonally from one arytenoids to the next.
What are the two parts of the Thyroarytenoid muscle? What are their functions? The vocalis muscles which are the primary vibrating bodies of the vocal fold. The external thyroarytenoid muscles are on the outside of the vocalis muscles and make the vocal chords shorter and thicker upon contraction.
What are the two parts of the Cricothyroid muscle? What are their functions? What are their attachments? Attach at the sides of the cricoid cartilage and extend back obliquely to attach to the bottom of the thyroid cartilage at the sides. When the contract they rock the thyroid cartilage forward on its joint with the cricoids cartilage.
How is pitch determined? Rate of vibration which is directly affected by width, tension, and length of vibrator.
What happens as we descend in pitch? The vocal folds are less tense and are really floppy and thick.
Summarize the activities of the 3 laryngeal muscles responsible for pitch. External thyroarytenoid muscles make vocal folds shorter and thicker(lowers pitch). Vocalis muscle adds tension to the VF when they engage(raises pitch). Cricothyroid makes the VF longer and thinner and tenser (raises pitch).
What is cartilage? A tough, elastic tissue with a distinct shape like a bone but more flexible.
What is ligament? A short, flexible, tough fibrous type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage or cartilage to cartilage.
What is muscle origin? The point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction.
What is muscle insertion? The point of attachment of a muscle that moves most during contraction.
What is dynamic equilibrium? When opposing muscles are working with each other: one is contracting or recoiling as the other releases.
What is muscle antagonism? When opposing muscle are working against each other: both are contracting. AKA co-contraction.
What are opposing muscles? Muscles that work in opposite directions. Like biceps and triceps.
What are paired muscles? Muscles that occur on both sides of the body, one the mirror image of the other.
What is stabilized physiological tremor rate? The rate of vibration innate to the body that occurs when muscle antagonism is sustained.
Describe the following muscles (location and function)
1. posterior cricoarytenoid- Insert from the back of the cricoids cartilage and attach to the arytenoids cartilages. When they contract the arytenoids swivel to open the glottis.
2. lateral cricoarytenoid- inserts into the muscular processes of the arytenoids cartilages but originate from the sides of the cricoid. The swivel the arytenoids upon contraction to close the glottis.
3. transverse arytenoids- slides the arytenoids cartilages snugly together to finish closing the glottis. These run straight across from one arytenoids to the next.
4. oblique arytenoids- Same as the transverse but they run diagonally from one arytenoids to the next.
What are the two parts of the Thyroarytenoid muscle? What are their functions? The vocalis muscles which are the primary vibrating bodies of the vocal fold. The external thyroarytenoid muscles are on the outside of the vocalis muscles and make the vocal chords shorter and thicker upon contraction.
What are the two parts of the Cricothyroid muscle? What are their functions? What are their attachments? Attach at the sides of the cricoid cartilage and extend back obliquely to attach to the bottom of the thyroid cartilage at the sides. When the contract they rock the thyroid cartilage forward on its joint with the cricoids cartilage.
How is pitch determined? Rate of vibration which is directly affected by width, tension, and length of vibrator.
What happens as we descend in pitch? The vocal folds are less tense and are really floppy and thick.
Summarize the activities of the 3 laryngeal muscles responsible for pitch. External thyroarytenoid muscles make vocal folds shorter and thicker(lowers pitch). Vocalis muscle adds tension to the VF when they engage(raises pitch). Cricothyroid makes the VF longer and thinner and tenser (raises pitch).
Define register. (What happens at the laryngeal level?) A register can be defined as a series of tones that have the same vocal productions. Depends on if the VF is thick or thin.
Name and describe the 4 registers of the voice. (Please include the subdivisions of modal.)
1. Modal- The CT and
TA are engaged concurrently. Three possible:
·
Chest voice-
the action of the TA predominates. VF are short and thick and tone is robust
·
Middle or
mixed voice: Both the TA and CT are active engaging and releasing in dynamic
equilibrium, tone is balanced.
·
Head voice:
The action fot the CT predominates. VF are long and thin. Tone is pure/light.
2. Flasetto/flute-The
TA are completely released. Pitch is determined solely by the CT. Only vocal
ligaments vibrate, producing and ethereal quality.
3. Whistle-The TA are
completely released and CT are fully engaged. Pitch is determined by damping
the back of the VF shortening their vibrating length.
4. Glottal fry- The
CT are completely released.
How does heavy vs light differ from loud vs soft? Heavy and light have to do with how thick or thin the VF are. Loud and soft are dynamics.
In classical singing, we blend the actions of the TA and CT using ?
What are the 3 possible types of onset/offset. Describe them. Balanced- air flowing from the lungs meets the glottis just as it is closing and sets VF into vibration. Glottal onset- vibration is delayed momentarily because the folds are already closed. Pressure has to build before they will open and there is an obvious hard onset. Aspirate- again delays phonation because airflow reaches the glottis before they close resulting in an [h] onset.
How do the vocal folds come into vibration? Pressure beneath the glottis builds until the VF vibrate. Elastic recoil and Bernoulli principle cause them to vibrate.
What causes a breathy sound? Either the VF are too narrowed or the space between the arytenoids isn’t closed.
What causes a strident sound? When we carry chest voice into the head voice area without releasing the TA causing a harsh sound as we ascend.
What causes a tight sound? Laryngeal muscles are working too hard to close the glottis.
What does the larynx have to do with dynamics? Chords will adjust only slightly as high air pressure or low air pressure changes the loudness or softness of a pitch.
How can intonation be fixed? Think pitch
What causes vibrato? The stabilized physiological tremor rate innate to the body.
How can vibrato be controlled? By either decreasing air flow so the sound has less energy or increasing it so the sound is held. Otherwise, we need to release to have a smooth periodic vibrato.
What are nodules and how can they be prevented? Calluses on the epithelium membrane covering the VF. Treated with therapy and prevented by being smart about VF use.
How does heavy vs light differ from loud vs soft? Heavy and light have to do with how thick or thin the VF are. Loud and soft are dynamics.
In classical singing, we blend the actions of the TA and CT using ?
What are the 3 possible types of onset/offset. Describe them. Balanced- air flowing from the lungs meets the glottis just as it is closing and sets VF into vibration. Glottal onset- vibration is delayed momentarily because the folds are already closed. Pressure has to build before they will open and there is an obvious hard onset. Aspirate- again delays phonation because airflow reaches the glottis before they close resulting in an [h] onset.
How do the vocal folds come into vibration? Pressure beneath the glottis builds until the VF vibrate. Elastic recoil and Bernoulli principle cause them to vibrate.
What causes a breathy sound? Either the VF are too narrowed or the space between the arytenoids isn’t closed.
What causes a strident sound? When we carry chest voice into the head voice area without releasing the TA causing a harsh sound as we ascend.
What causes a tight sound? Laryngeal muscles are working too hard to close the glottis.
What does the larynx have to do with dynamics? Chords will adjust only slightly as high air pressure or low air pressure changes the loudness or softness of a pitch.
How can intonation be fixed? Think pitch
What causes vibrato? The stabilized physiological tremor rate innate to the body.
How can vibrato be controlled? By either decreasing air flow so the sound has less energy or increasing it so the sound is held. Otherwise, we need to release to have a smooth periodic vibrato.
What are nodules and how can they be prevented? Calluses on the epithelium membrane covering the VF. Treated with therapy and prevented by being smart about VF use.
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