MALDE CH 4 PHONATION Study Questions
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles? What are their functions? The extrinsic muscles connect to the larynx from the outside, and their function is to move the larynx as a whole up and down in the neck. The intrinsic muscles connect the cartilages within the larynx together, and are responsible for the delicate movements within the larynx.
Describe the cartilages of the larynx. Include information about structure, size, function.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles? What are their functions? The extrinsic muscles connect to the larynx from the outside, and their function is to move the larynx as a whole up and down in the neck. The intrinsic muscles connect the cartilages within the larynx together, and are responsible for the delicate movements within the larynx.
Describe the cartilages of the larynx. Include information about structure, size, function.
Cricoid – forms the
base of the larynx, sits atop the trachea. Ring shaped (back is taller than front), 9-17 millimeters
for women and 11-21 millimeters for men.
Thyroid – forms the
front of the larynx and anchors the front of the vocal folds. Also known as Adam’s apple. Open at the back 1/3. Superior horns connect to hyoid bone
and inferior horns connect to cricoid cartilage.
Arytenoids – at the
back of the larynx and anchors the back of the vocal folds. They have flexible joints that can
swivel and slide. Shaped like
triangles. They have vocal
processes which face forward and muscular processes that point sidewards.
Epiglottis – at the
top of the larynx. 2D tear drop
with point facing down and connected to the thyroid cartilage. It’s function is to protect the lungs
from liquid and food.
What is cartilage? A tough, elastic tissue with a distinct shape like bone but more flexible
What is ligament? A short, flexible tough fibrous type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage.
What is muscle origin? The point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction
What is muscle insertion? The point of attachment of a muscle that moves most during contraction
What is dynamic equilibrium? When opposing muscles are working with each other: one is contracting or recoiling as the other releases.
What is muscle antagonism? Also known as co-contraction, when opposing muscles are working against each other: both are contracting.
What are opposing muscles? Muscles that work in opposite directions.
What are paired muscles? Muslces that occur on both sides of the body, one the mirror image of the other.
What is stabilized physiological tremor rate? The rate of vibration innate to the body that occurs when muscle antagonism is sustained.
Describe the following muscles (location and function)
1. posterior cricoarytenoid – originates from the back of the cricoid cartilage and insert into the muscular processes of the arytenoid cartilages; open the glottis
2. lateral cricoarytenoid – Originates from the sides of the cricoid cartilage, and also inserts in the muscular processes of the arytenoids; partially close the glottis
3. transverse arytenoid – connects the arytenoids straight across complete the closure of the glottis (closes the chink)
4. oblique arytenoid – connects the arytenoids at angles, crossing each in the center; complete the closure of the glottis (closes the chink)
What are the two parts of the Thyroarytenoid muscle? What are their functions? Vocalis muscles are the primary vibrating bodies of the vocal fold and snuggle up to the vocal ligaments on either side of the glottis. When they contract, they increase the tension of the vocal folds. The external TA muscles are on the outside of the vocalis muscles. When they contract, they make the vocal fold shorter and thicker.
What is cartilage? A tough, elastic tissue with a distinct shape like bone but more flexible
What is ligament? A short, flexible tough fibrous type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage.
What is muscle origin? The point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction
What is muscle insertion? The point of attachment of a muscle that moves most during contraction
What is dynamic equilibrium? When opposing muscles are working with each other: one is contracting or recoiling as the other releases.
What is muscle antagonism? Also known as co-contraction, when opposing muscles are working against each other: both are contracting.
What are opposing muscles? Muscles that work in opposite directions.
What are paired muscles? Muslces that occur on both sides of the body, one the mirror image of the other.
What is stabilized physiological tremor rate? The rate of vibration innate to the body that occurs when muscle antagonism is sustained.
Describe the following muscles (location and function)
1. posterior cricoarytenoid – originates from the back of the cricoid cartilage and insert into the muscular processes of the arytenoid cartilages; open the glottis
2. lateral cricoarytenoid – Originates from the sides of the cricoid cartilage, and also inserts in the muscular processes of the arytenoids; partially close the glottis
3. transverse arytenoid – connects the arytenoids straight across complete the closure of the glottis (closes the chink)
4. oblique arytenoid – connects the arytenoids at angles, crossing each in the center; complete the closure of the glottis (closes the chink)
What are the two parts of the Thyroarytenoid muscle? What are their functions? Vocalis muscles are the primary vibrating bodies of the vocal fold and snuggle up to the vocal ligaments on either side of the glottis. When they contract, they increase the tension of the vocal folds. The external TA muscles are on the outside of the vocalis muscles. When they contract, they make the vocal fold shorter and thicker.
*Vocal fold = vocalis
muscle + vocal ligament + conus elasticus membrane + epithelium membrane
What are the two parts of the Cricothyroid muscle? What are their functions? What are their attachments? Each CT muscle has two bellies. They originate at the side of the cricoid cartilage and they insert at the bottom of the thyroid cartilage at the sides. They bring the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage closer together at the front and farther apart at the back, which stretches the vocal folds and makes them longer and thinner!
How is pitch determined? by the rate of vibration in a musical instrument
What happens as we descend in pitch? the external thryoarytenoid muscles contract, bring the arytenoid cartilages closer to the thryroid cartilage, shortening the vocal folds. This causes lower pitch because the vocal folds are looser and thicker.
Summarize the activities of the 3 laryngeal muscles responsible for pitch.
What are the two parts of the Cricothyroid muscle? What are their functions? What are their attachments? Each CT muscle has two bellies. They originate at the side of the cricoid cartilage and they insert at the bottom of the thyroid cartilage at the sides. They bring the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage closer together at the front and farther apart at the back, which stretches the vocal folds and makes them longer and thinner!
How is pitch determined? by the rate of vibration in a musical instrument
What happens as we descend in pitch? the external thryoarytenoid muscles contract, bring the arytenoid cartilages closer to the thryroid cartilage, shortening the vocal folds. This causes lower pitch because the vocal folds are looser and thicker.
Summarize the activities of the 3 laryngeal muscles responsible for pitch.
- The external
thryoarytenoid muscles make the vocal folds shorter, ticker, andlooser when
they engage. This lowers pitch.
- The vocalis muscles
add tension to the vocal folds when they engage. This raises pitch
- The cricothyroid
muscles make the vocal folds longer, thinner, and tenser when they engage. This raises pitch.
Define register. (What happens at the laryngeal level?) A series of tones that have the same vocal production. It’s caused by a change in shape of the vocal folds, caused by the TA and CT.
Name and describe the 4 registers of the voice. (Please include the subdivisions of modal.)
Define register. (What happens at the laryngeal level?) A series of tones that have the same vocal production. It’s caused by a change in shape of the vocal folds, caused by the TA and CT.
Name and describe the 4 registers of the voice. (Please include the subdivisions of modal.)
1. Modal – most
singing takes place here, both TA and CT are active
chest
voice – TA dominated
head
voice – CT dominated
2. Falsetto/flute –
completely CT, no TA at all
3. Whistle – When the
CT reaches it’s maximum contraction, the back portions of the vocal folds are
damped, shortening the vibrating edge of the vocal fold. High high pitches.
4. glottal fry –
completely TA, no CT. Vocal folds
are thick and released and the sound is rattly
How does heavy vs light differ from loud vs soft? Heavy and soft are an indication of the thickness of the vocal folds. A heavy sound can be soft, and a light can be loud.
In classical singing, we blend the actions of the TA and CT using dynamic equilibrium_.
What are the 3 possible types of onset/offset. Describe them.
glottal – In onset, vibration is delayed momentarily because the folds are already closed when the air flow reaches them. It takes a moment for the air pressure beneath the glottis to force the vocal folds open and set hem into vibration. In offset, the vocal folds close tightly and cease vibration before the air has stopped flowing, abrupt end.
How does heavy vs light differ from loud vs soft? Heavy and soft are an indication of the thickness of the vocal folds. A heavy sound can be soft, and a light can be loud.
In classical singing, we blend the actions of the TA and CT using dynamic equilibrium_.
What are the 3 possible types of onset/offset. Describe them.
glottal – In onset, vibration is delayed momentarily because the folds are already closed when the air flow reaches them. It takes a moment for the air pressure beneath the glottis to force the vocal folds open and set hem into vibration. In offset, the vocal folds close tightly and cease vibration before the air has stopped flowing, abrupt end.
aspirate – In onset,
the air flow reaches the glottis before it closes. Air escapes before the vocal folds come into vibration. In offset, the vocal folds separate
while ari continues to flow from the lungs, sounding like a final “h.”
balanced - In onset, the air flowing from the lungs
meets the glottis just as it is closing and sets the vocal folds into vibration
immediately. In offset, the vocal
folds separate just as the air ceases to flow from the lungs.
How do the vocal folds come into vibration? Vocal folds are adducted by the intrinsic
muscles, and air build up underneath the glottis, forcing the vocal folds
apart. The folds come back
together because of the Bernoulli principle and elastic recoil.
What causes a breathy sound? The vocal folds being closed too loosely or the space between the arytenoids is left open.
What causes a strident sound? Heavy vocal production. This happens when we carry chest voice up into the range where use of mixed register or head voice would be more appropriate.
What causes a tight sound? The laryngeal muscles are working too hard to close the glottis.
What does the larynx have to do with dynamics? Loudness and softness are regulated by the speed of the breath flow and the reaction of the vocal folds to that flow. The intrinsic muscles subtly adjust vocal fold tension to the speed of airflow. Neck muscles shouldn’t do anything!
How can intonation be fixed? Mess around with the register you are using to sing that pitch.
What causes vibrato? The opposing muscles of the larynx are working in balance with enough force to create the stabilized physiological tremor rate innate to the body.
How can vibrato be controlled? Get the body in balance, breathing correct, and laryngeal muscles engaged without excess effort.
What are nodules and how can they be prevented? calluses on the epithelium membrane covering the vocal folds. Be hydrated, rested, and not stressed. Don’t talk over loud backgrouds.
What causes a breathy sound? The vocal folds being closed too loosely or the space between the arytenoids is left open.
What causes a strident sound? Heavy vocal production. This happens when we carry chest voice up into the range where use of mixed register or head voice would be more appropriate.
What causes a tight sound? The laryngeal muscles are working too hard to close the glottis.
What does the larynx have to do with dynamics? Loudness and softness are regulated by the speed of the breath flow and the reaction of the vocal folds to that flow. The intrinsic muscles subtly adjust vocal fold tension to the speed of airflow. Neck muscles shouldn’t do anything!
How can intonation be fixed? Mess around with the register you are using to sing that pitch.
What causes vibrato? The opposing muscles of the larynx are working in balance with enough force to create the stabilized physiological tremor rate innate to the body.
How can vibrato be controlled? Get the body in balance, breathing correct, and laryngeal muscles engaged without excess effort.
What are nodules and how can they be prevented? calluses on the epithelium membrane covering the vocal folds. Be hydrated, rested, and not stressed. Don’t talk over loud backgrouds.
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