a) How is the vocal tract like the amplifier and tone controls of a stereo system? It selectively amplifies and attenuates frequencies present in the sound source
b) Define the term formant. A formant is a resonance of the vocal tract.
c) Which formants are responsible for vowel creation? F1 and F2
d) What is formant tuning? The synchronization of F1 with the fundamental frequency or a harmonic overtone
e) Why is the singer's formant important? It allows the voice to project over the sound of a symphony orchestra or to be heard in other noisy situations
f) Are there alternatives to using the singer's formant? yes--It is not needed by sopranos and some tenors use F2 instead of Fs
g) How are formants viewed differently in linear and nonlinear descriptions of vocal resonance? In the linear model formant peaks provide maximum amplification; in the nonlinear model, maximum amplification occurs just before the formant peak--the formant itself induces instability.
h) What is the average pitch for F1 of the cardinal vowels? E4 for /i/, C5 for /e/, G5 for /a/, C4 for /o/, E4 for /u/.
i) How are formants different from resonance frequencies in a fixed-diameter quarter-wave resonator? Formant frequencies can be changes by moving the articulators; resonances of a fixed diameter tube are locked in place.
j) If the vowel /a/ is sung on F4, which of the first three harmonics is likely to be strongest? 2F0--it is close in proximity to F2 of /a/, which center around the pitch G5
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