What is McKinney’s definition of Resonance? Resonation is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air.
What is the end point (the purpose) of resonation? To make a better sound.
Define the 2 basic kinds of resonance. Sympathetic resonance occurs without direct contact between the main vibrator and the secondary resonator. Instead, vibration travels to the secondary vibrator through the air. In conductive resonance, the main and secondary vibrator are in contact.
Describe how conductive resonance works in singing. The vibrations created by the vocal folds travel along the bones, cartilages, and muscles of the body, causing them to vibrate. This does not contribute much (if anything) to the external sound.
Describe how sympathetic resonance works in singing. External sound is affected by the sympathetic vibration of air in the cavities of the throat and head.
What are the factors that determine the resonance characteristics of a resonator? Size, shape, type of opening, composition and thickness of the walls, surface, and the combination of resonators.
If a resonator is larger, in general, what will happen to its resonant frequency? It will be lower! Wow!
Which pitches does a conical shaped resonator amplify? All pitches
In a cylindrical resonator, which parameter is the primary pitch determiner? The length of the tube.
In what ways can the opening of a spherical resonator affect resonant pitch? How big it is and whether or not it has a lip.
What 3 factors relating to the walls of a resonator will affect how it functions? The material it is made of, the thickness of its walls, and the type of surface it has.
How does the hardness/softness of the surface of a resonator affect how it functions? Harder surfaces are more selective with regards to which pitches they will resonate, and softer surfaces are generally universal. Extremes in either direction are not desirable tones.
What happens to the resonant frequency of a resonator when it is combined with another? It lowers.
What are the 7 POSSIBLE vocal resonators? The chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses.
Why does McKinney consider the pharynx the most important resonator? Because of its size, position, and degree of adjustability.
Why does McKinney consider the oral cavity the 2nd? It is also well suited based on its size, location, and adjustability.
Vibrations in the nasal cavity are the result not the cause of the sound you are producing.
What are the 3 primary resonators? The pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity.
What are the optimal conditions in the vocal resonators for classical singing? The best condition for the larynx is relatively low. The throat is "open."
What are the favorable conditions for creating the Singer’s Formant (Sundberg)? Lowering the larynx, widening the laryngeal ventricle, widening the pyriform sinuses.
Describe the 2 categories of faults related to nasal resonance. Excessive nasal resonance and insufficient nasal resonance.
What is postnasality? What is another name for it? When the nasal port is open enough for the nasal resonator to exert a predominant influence on the sound produced. Nasal honk.
What is forced nasality? What is another name for it? A tight pinched sound which is often produced when the nasal cavity is closed.
What is denasality? When there is insufficient nasal resonance. Like speaking with a cold.
What are some causes of a sound that is too bright? Too much emphasis of the mouth as a resonator, and not enough of the pharynx. Lack of space in the pharynx, tension in the walls of the pharyngeal resonator, exaggerated mouth opening, pulling the lips back in a forced smile, or protruding lips too much, or excessive tension.
What are some causes of a sound that is too dark? Too much emphasis on the pharynx and not enough on the mouth. Overuse of yawning, lack or oral space, wrong tonal models, flabby pharyngeal walls, tongue pulled back.
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