LaeKin Burgess Malde Chapter 5 part one

What is the key to success in resonance? awareness. Attention to detail and attention to the whole. kinesthesia.

What are the 9 moveable structures that affect the shape of your resonator? 

1. balance of head over spine

2. pharyngeal constrictors

3. velum/soft palate. 

4. mandible/jaw and the muscles that move it. 

5. tongue

6. lips

7. buccinators

8. larynx

9. aryepiglottic sphicter

Describe the vocal tract at rest. lips are either closed or slightly open. Jaw is slightly open with small space between upper and lower teeth. The tongue lies in the cradle of the jaw touching the bottom teeth all the way around. Cheeks are free and long. The soft palate is suspended so air can move freely through nose or mouth. muscles of the pharynx are neither stretched nor tense but nestle easily against the vertebrae of the neck. The larynx is midway between its highest and lowest points.

Which movements of the vocal tract are essential to all styles of good singing? the jaw moves feely for articulation. The tongue will lie easily in the cradle of the jaw but will be moving constantly to form different vowels and consonants. Pharyngeal muscles will be released.  The head is free to move and balanced on the A-o joint

Which movements are specific to classical style? lips released and forward, cheeks long and free, more variation in the opening of the jaw, larynx is lower and soft palate higher, vowels that are modified away from the spoken vowels.

Which movements do non-classical singers make? might choose a wider lateral opening of the mouth and allow cheeks to pull back on lips, movements of larynx, soft palate and jaw will be closer to those of speech.

Keeping the head in balance does not mean keeping it. IMMOBILE

What are the two effects of resonance by the balance of the head?  it can move the larynx and change the curve of the throat.

What happens if you allow the back of the head to pull back and down (Chin up)?
if head is tilted up and forward it raises the larynx through the hyoid bone and makes it hard for the intrinsic muscles of the larynx to move easily.

Describe the pharyngeal constrictors, as a whole. Three thin sheets of muscle that nestle against the front of the spine at the back of the throat and curve forward sloping down at the sides.

Describe the location of the SPC. connected to the base of the skull right behind the opening to the nose just in front of the a-o joint. Its side connect to the muscles of the inner cheek, the buccinators which in turn connect to the lips.

Describe the location of the MPC. is level with the corner of the jaw. Sides connect to the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue.

Describe the location of the IPC. continuous with the esophagus on the bottom and connects to the cricoid cartilage at the sides.

What is the survival function of the pharyngeal constrictors?  assist in swallowing and regurgitation.

What is the job of the pharyngeal muscles for singing?  to release and stay out of the way!!!!!

What is the one muscles that can open the throat slightly? How does it do this? Where is it located?  the stylopharyngeus can help stretch the middle of the pharynx. it originates at the styloid process on the bottom side of the skull right behind the ear and extends obliquely down and forward along the outside of the upper paryngeal constrictor inserting between the upper and middle pharyngeal constrictors where it hoins with their fibers. When it contracts the stylopharyngeus pulls out and back on the middle pharyngeal constrictor stretching it slightly.

What should we avoid doing to try to get louder?  Why? tensing the sides of the vocal tract. the chamber of air is the resonator not the actual surface of the vocal tract.

What are our choices if we want more volume? we can use faster air flow, change the shape of the chamber of air to make stronger resonance, or both.

Describe the velum (location and function) acts as a valve that opens and closes the passages to the nose. Located at the top of the throat above the opening of the pharynx into the mouth. The uvula hangs from its back edge.

Describe the movements of the soft palate.  neutral air flows freely through mouth and nose. raisedcloses off nasal cavity. lowest it closes off the mouth so air only moves through the nose.

How many muscle pairs control the movement of the soft palate?  To what are they all attached? four muscle pairs that control movement of the soft palate. All attach to the uvular muscle.

What are the muscles called that lift the soft palate?  Describe their location. Levator veli palatini muscles which lift the soft palate.

Which muscles stretch the soft palate from side to side?  Describe their location.Stretch from side to side are the tensor veli palatini muscles.

What is the secondary effect of tensing the two muscles listed above? will also increase the vertical space of the pharynx.

What are the muscles that lower the soft palate? What is the effect of engaging these muscles? palato pharyngeus and palatoglossus. The more these engage the more nasal the sound becomes.

Describe the location of these muscles. palatopharygeus muscles are long thin muscles that connect the sides of the uvular muscle to the lower pharyngeal constrictor. 

Palatoglossus connect to the uvular muscle to the sides of the tongue at the back pull velum down and forward.

Describe the mandible. It was dripping saliva mixed with the blood of the most recent victim. Otherwise, it was glistening white. formed by a single bone it is horseshoe shaped, taller in the back than in the front. Condyles on each side connect the jaw with the rest of the skull by joints just in front of the ears. between these and the back molars are the coronoid processes which go inside the cheek bones when the jaw is closed. The very sight of it filled me with horror.

Describe the location of the temporal mandibular joint. where the jaw connects to the skull. one on each side.

What are the three most important muscles that move the jaw? What are their functions?  masseter and temporalis muscles that close the jaw. Digastric muscles which open the jaw wide.

Describe the location of the masseter muscles. Masseter originate on underside of the cheekbones and insert into the sides of the jaw along the back. 

Describe the location of the temporalis muscles.  originate in a fan shape from the sides of the skull above the ears  they run obliquely inside the cheekbones and insert into the coronoid processes of the jaw.

Describe the location and function of the muscles that open the jaw. digastric muscles originate at the inside of the mastoid process, the bony hump on the skull right behind the ears. From there they run obliquely down passing through a fibrous loop attached to the hyoid bone then run under the tongue to attach at the front of the jaw behind the chin. 

Geniohyoid originate at the front of the jaw behind the center of the chin. Then they run under the tongue and insert into the front part of the hyoid bone. 

Mylohyoid- originate fron the sides of the mandible above the digastrics and geniohyoids. The fibers meet under the middle of the tongue in a fibrous  band called a raphe. This runs from the back of the chin to the hyoid bone where the backs of the mylohyoids insert. Thus it forms the floor of the mouth.

How do these three pairs of muscles move the jaw?  when the hyoid is stabilized by the muscles beneath it these three muscle pairs lower the jaw by pulling the chin back and down toward the hyoid bone.

Which are the consonants that require the masseter and temporalis to contract slightly? s,z, sh, j, dj, tsh

Do any consonants require the teeth to be closed? there are no consonants that require the teeth to close completely.

What is the jaw position for most consonants? neutral

Which muscles moves the jaw forward and from side to side? Describe their location & function. 

lateral and medial pterygoids- arise from the base of the skull behind the nose. later attach to the condyles of the mandible right in front of the TMJs The medial attach to the inside of the mandible at the lower back corner. medial can assist in closing the jaw. lateral can assist in opening the jaw by bringing the condyle forward in the TMJ if they engage fully they just the jaw forward.