What is McKinney’s definition of Resonance? (First sentence of chapter) The process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air.
What is the end point (the purpose) of resonation? to make a better sound
Define the 2 basic kinds of resonance. sympathetic, conductive
Describe how conductive resonance works in singing. the vibrations created by the vocal folds travel through bones, cartilages, tissues, and muscles of the upper body
Describe how sympathetic resonance works in singing. vibrations created by vocal folds travel through the air from the larynx and set into vibration the cavities of throat and head
What are the factors that determine the resonance
characteristics of a resonator? 1-size, 2-shape, 3-type of opening, 4-composition and thickness of walls, 5-surface, 6-combined resonators
If a resonator is larger, in general, what will happen to
its resonant frequency? the frequency will be lower
Which pitches does a conical shaped resonator amplify? all pitches indiscriminately
In a cylindrical resonator, which parameter is the primary
pitch determiner? the length of the tube
In what ways can the opening of a spherical resonator affect
resonant pitch? the amount of opening and if the opening has a lip
What 3 factors relating to the walls of a resonator will
affect how it functions? 1-the material it's made of, 2-the thickness of its walls, 3-the type of surface it has
How does the hardness/softness of the surface of a resonator
affect how it functions? in general, the harder the surface, the more selective the resonance will be, and the softer the surface, the more universal the resonance will be
What happens to the resonant frequency of a resonator when
it is combined with another? it will lower the resonant frequency of each in different proportions according to capacities, orifices, etc.
What are the 7 POSSIBLE vocal resonators? 1-chest, 2-tracheal tree, 3-larynx, 4-pharynx, 5-oral cavity, 6-nasal cavity, 7-sinuses
Why does McKinney consider the pharynx the most important
resonator? because of its position--first cavity through which the vibrations pass, size--capable of bringing out lower partials of vocal tone, and degree of adjustability--dimensions capable of being changed, and tensions capable of being changed
Why does McKinney consider the oral cavity the 2nd
most important resonator? because of its location, size, and adjustability--movements of jaw, soft palate, tongue, lips all contribute to different shapes, tensions and sizes
Vibrations in the nasal cavity are the result,
not the cause of the
sound you are producing.
What are the 3 primary resonators? pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity
What are the optimal conditions in the vocal resonators for
classical singing? low laryngeal position, sufficient pharyngeal space, sufficient softness and tonus in resonator walls, soft lips/face
What are the favorable conditions for creating the Singer’s
Formant (Sundberg) 1-low larynx, 2-widening laryngeal ventricle, 3- widening pyriform sinuses
Describe the 2 categories of faults related to nasal
resonance. hypernasality--excessive nasal resonance, and hyponasality--insufficient nasal resonance
What is postnasality? when the sound is formed behind the nose
What is another name for it? nasal honk
What is forced nasality? a tight, pinched sound that seems to be centered in the nose
What is another name for it? nasal twang
What is denasality? insufficient nasal resonance, when something prevents normal nasality, like a cold
What are some causes of a sound that is too bright? 1-lack of space in pharynx, 2-tension in pharyngeal walls, 3-wrong tonal models, 4-exaggerated mouth opening, 5-excess lip and mouth tension,
What are some causes of a sound that is too dark? 1-laryngeal depression, 2-lack of oral space due to tongue, lip, or jaw position, 3-wrong tonal models, 4-flabby surfaces of pharyngeal walls, 5-tongue pulled back into pharynx
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